Section: Verbal Ability
Question 1
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the theory 'Divine Right of King' stipulate?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the theory 'Divine Right of King' stipulate?
B That the right of governing is conferred upon the kings by God
Choices “b” and “d” are the close ones here. The core of the passage is the control over education by different classes. Since “b” has the governance aspect it is a better answer.
Question 2
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Who controlled education during the Renaissance?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Who controlled education during the Renaissance?
B The prince
“During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince”.
Question 3
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What did the ruling class in the Christian Era think of the poor man?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What did the ruling class in the Christian Era think of the poor man?
D That he is meant for serving the rich
“During the Christian era,… It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence”. From these lines choice “d” is the correct answer.
Question 4
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Who controlled the institution of education during the Christian Era?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Who controlled the institution of education during the Christian Era?
B The church and the priests
“During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education”.
Question 5
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the word 'fallibility' mean?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the word 'fallibility' mean?
C The virtue of not making mistake
Infallibility means the inability to be wrong.
Question 6
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What do you mean by the 'sweat of his brow'?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What do you mean by the 'sweat of his brow'?
A Very hard work
“Sweat of brow” is an idiom that means hard work.
Question 7
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the policy of 'Laissez Faire' stand for?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
What does the policy of 'Laissez Faire' stand for?
A Individual freedom in the economic field
The phrase ‘Laissez Faire’ means the policy of allowing private businesses to develop without government control.
Question 8
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Which of the following describes the writer?
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Which of the following describes the writer?
B Unconcerned
Choices “c” and “d” are easily eliminated. Throughout the passage the author has shown his concern towards education and the various classes that have taken control over education – “Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power” – “while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence” – these are few examples that demonstrate author’s concern.
Question 9
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Choose the correct synonym out of the four choices given.
Gospels
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Choose the correct synonym out of the four choices given.
Gospels
B a teaching or doctrine of a religious teacher
Gospels means a teaching or doctrine of a religious teacher.
Question 10
Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow.
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Choose the correct synonym out of the four choices given.
Vogue
It is an old saying that knowledge is power. Education is an instrument, which imparts knowledge and therefore, indirectly controls power. Therefore ever since the dawn of our civilization, persons in power have always tried to supervise or control education. It has been handmaid of the ruling class. During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings. These gospels and teachings were no other than a philosophy for the maintenance of the existing society.
It taught the poor man to be meek and to earn his bread with the sweat of his brow, while the priests and the landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for the slightest offence. During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hands of the prince. In other words, it became more secular. Under the control of the monarch, education began to devise and preach the infallibility of its masters, the monarch or king. It also invented and supported fantastic theories like 'The Divine Right Theory' and that the king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of the industrial revolution, education took a different turn and had to please the new masters. It now no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class of the society. The philosophy, which was in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire' restricting the function of the state to a mere keeping of laws and order while on the other hand, in practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest.
Choose the correct synonym out of the four choices given.
Vogue
C the prevailing fashion or style
Vogue means the prevailing fashion or style.
Question 11
Select the word that is spelt correctly.
A Paraphernalia
Paraphernalia
Question 12
Select the word that is spelt correctly.
B Entrepreneur
Entrepreneur
Question 13
Select the word that is spelt correctly.
C Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia
Question 14
Select the word that is spelt correctly.
A Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Question 15
Select the word that is spelt correctly.
B Dyslexia
Dyslexia
Question 16
Unless the _______ this office, I will not say anything.
C leaves
Note that the pronoun is missing before the blank – the word should be ‘he’ instead of ‘the’.
This is a conditional statement, where the second clause is in the simple future tense. Hence the conditional first clause should be in the simple present tense i.e. ‘leaves’.
Question 17
_______ I would help all the poor people.
C If I were rich
This statement expresses a hypothetical situation and hence the verb ‘were’ must be used in such a sentence. Note that ‘were’ is used irrespective of whether the subject is singular or plural.
Question 18
I _______ the news an hour ago.
B heard
The verb here expresses an action which occurred in the past – so we must use the simple past tense i.e. ‘heard’.
Question 19
He spoke ______ about his prospects.
D confidently
The only word that fits the context of this sentence is ‘confidently’. It is common to speak ‘confidently’ about one’s prospects.
Question 20
The boy is not interested in playing, ______ ?
D is he
It is a common practice to follow a statement with a question with the same word but in an opposing view. Thus, ‘is not interested’ must be followed by ‘is he’ in the following interrogative clause.
Question 21
He told us that we should never live beyond ______ means.
C our
The subject of the phrase ‘We should never live …’ is the plural first person one ‘we’. Hence the possessive pronoun to agree with it must be ‘our’.
Question 22
May I request ______ you again to consider my case favourably.
D no proposition required
It is correct to ‘request someone’ (like you, him etc.), hence there is no need for a preposition here.
Question 23
Known as devout and serious person, she also has ______ sense of humour.
C good
‘Sense of humour’ cannot be described by the adjectives ‘quick’ or ‘beautiful’. Also since there is no comparison, we can ignore the adjective in comparative degree ‘better’. The appropriate adjective here would be ‘good’.
Question 24
Galileo said, 'The Earth ______ around the Sun'.
C revolves
This is a statement of fact, so it must be in the simple present tense i.e. ‘revolves’.
Question 25
We ______ our work before the guests arrived at our house.
C had finished
Note that there are two verbs in this sentence – the one in the blank and ‘arrived’ in the simple past tense. Clearly the action represented by the second verb occurred after the first one, so this is best represented by the use of past perfect tense i.e. ‘had finished’.
Question 26
The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A : People who start up their own business typically come from two extreme backgrounds : One is the business family background and the other is a steady professional family background.
B : Typically, people from different backgrounds face different kinds of basic problems.
C : The people from both the backgrounds find it very difficult to establish and manage an enterprise.
D : Starting up and managing a small business is no joke.
A : People who start up their own business typically come from two extreme backgrounds : One is the business family background and the other is a steady professional family background.
B : Typically, people from different backgrounds face different kinds of basic problems.
C : The people from both the backgrounds find it very difficult to establish and manage an enterprise.
D : Starting up and managing a small business is no joke.
C DACB
D should be the starting sentence as it introduces a topic – starting and managing a business. So the correct answer will be either “a” or “c”.
A should follow D as it extends the idea introduced in D and so "c" is the correct choice.
A should follow D as it extends the idea introduced in D and so "c" is the correct choice.
Question 27
The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A : Venture capital is recommended as the ideal source of financing for a successfully small business.
B : Several companies including start ups have been funded by dedicated venture funds during this decade.
C : Despite this, an average Indian entrepreneur understands and appreciation of venture capital concept has been woefully inadequate.
D : In the Indian context, though venture capital has been a relatively late entrant, it has already made a reasonable impact.
A : Venture capital is recommended as the ideal source of financing for a successfully small business.
B : Several companies including start ups have been funded by dedicated venture funds during this decade.
C : Despite this, an average Indian entrepreneur understands and appreciation of venture capital concept has been woefully inadequate.
D : In the Indian context, though venture capital has been a relatively late entrant, it has already made a reasonable impact.
B ADBC
A, B and D talk about positive aspects of an idea while C discusses a contrary idea, i.e. despite the advantages, an Indian entrepreneur still doesn’t appreciate and understand this idea, so C sould be the last sentence.
There is only one choice “b” with C as the last sentence.
There is only one choice “b” with C as the last sentence.
Question 28
The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A : Progress in diagnosis, in preventive medicine and in treatment, both medicinal and surgical, has been rapid and breathe taking.
B : Much in medicine which is not taken for granted was undreamt of even as recently as 20 yr ago.
C : Presently small pox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis practically banished, tuberculosis has become curable and coronary artery disease surgically relievable.
D : The dramatic surge in the field of molecular biology and research by immunologists and geneticists has succeeded in controlling parasitic diseases like malaria and river blindness that affect millions of people round the world.
A : Progress in diagnosis, in preventive medicine and in treatment, both medicinal and surgical, has been rapid and breathe taking.
B : Much in medicine which is not taken for granted was undreamt of even as recently as 20 yr ago.
C : Presently small pox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis practically banished, tuberculosis has become curable and coronary artery disease surgically relievable.
D : The dramatic surge in the field of molecular biology and research by immunologists and geneticists has succeeded in controlling parasitic diseases like malaria and river blindness that affect millions of people round the world.
B BACD
BAC is a mandatory sequence, so choice “b” is the correct choice.
Question 29
The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A : Instead, many deaths and injuries result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings, bridges and other structures.
B : Earthquakes almost never kill people directly.
C : Fire resulting from broken gas or power lines is another major danger during a quake.
D : Spills of hazardous chemicals are also a concern during an earthquake.
A : Instead, many deaths and injuries result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings, bridges and other structures.
B : Earthquakes almost never kill people directly.
C : Fire resulting from broken gas or power lines is another major danger during a quake.
D : Spills of hazardous chemicals are also a concern during an earthquake.
D BACD
B introduces the main idea of the paragraph that earthquakes almost never kill people directly and should be the first sentence.
Only one choice “d” starts with “B” and is our correct answer.
Only one choice “d” starts with “B” and is our correct answer.
Question 30
The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A : The Winchester or hard disk drives can store much more data than what can be stored on a floppy diskette.
B : Hard disks come sealed and they cannot be removed or changed like floppy diskettes.
C : Often floppy disk system is used in conjunction with the Winchester disk system
D : This makes for an ideal system for secondary storage.
A : The Winchester or hard disk drives can store much more data than what can be stored on a floppy diskette.
B : Hard disks come sealed and they cannot be removed or changed like floppy diskettes.
C : Often floppy disk system is used in conjunction with the Winchester disk system
D : This makes for an ideal system for secondary storage.
D ABCD
The pronoun “this” in “D” refers to the Winchester disk system in C and so CD are a mandatory pair.
A should come before B since A introduces the Winchester or hard disk drives and B gives more information about them.
Hence, option “d” is the correct answer.
A should come before B since A introduces the Winchester or hard disk drives and B gives more information about them.
Hence, option “d” is the correct answer.
Question 31
El-Dorado
A An imaginary place
El Dorado is a city or country of fabulous riches held by 16th century explorers to exist in South America.
Question 32
Quantum wmifactus
A The amount of damage suffered
While there is an error in the word itself here, we can correct it to ‘quantum ramifactus’ which means ‘the amount of damage suffered’.
Question 33
Corpus delicti
D An evidence which constitute an offence
‘Corpus delecti’ refers to ‘the facts and circumstances constituting a crime’ i.e. option d.
Question 34
Vis-à-vis
C Face-to-Face
The meaning of the French word ‘vis-à-vis’ is ‘face to face’.
Question 35
Carte blanche
A Complete authority
‘Carte-blanche’ is a French word that means ‘complete authority’.
Question 36
Choose the explanation that catches the spirit of the idiom given in each question.
To blaze a trail
To blaze a trail
C To initiate work in a movement
‘To blaze a trail’ means to ‘find a new path/method or begin a new undertaking’.
Question 37
Choose the explanation that catches the spirit of the idiom given in each question.
A snake in the grass
A snake in the grass
A A secret or hidden enemy
‘A snake in the grass’ is an idiom that refers to a person as ‘treacherous’ i.e. someone who is false in pretending to be one’s friend.
Question 38
Choose the explanation that catches the spirit of the idiom given in each question.
Have too many irons in the fire
Have too many irons in the fire
A Engaged in too many enterprises at the same time
To ‘have too many irons in the fire’ means to ‘be engaged in too many activities’.
Question 39
Choose the explanation that catches the spirit of the idiom given in each question.
A fair weather friend
A fair weather friend
B A friend who deserts us in difficulties
A ‘fair weather friend’ is “someone who is a good friend when it is easy to be one and who stops being one when you are having problems”.
Question 40
Choose the explanation that catches the spirit of the idiom given in each question.
A panacea
A panacea
D a single cure for all diseases or troubles
A ‘panacea’ is a ‘solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases’.
Section: Quantitative Aptitude
Question 1
2/3 is a rational number whereas √2/√3 is
B an irrational number
Any number that has an unresolved root is an irrational number!
Question 2
Greatest number which divides 926 and 2313, leaving 2 and 3 remainders, respectively, is
D 154
Method-1: We can simply check the options one-by-one. However this is a little time consuming!
Option (a): 926 divided by 52 gives 17 as quotient and 42 as remainder, so this choice is incorrect.
Option (b): 926 divided by 54 gives 17 as quotient and 8 as remainder, so this is also incorrect.
Option (c): 926 divided by 152 gives 6 as quotient and 14 as remainder, so this too is incorrect.
Option (d): 926 divided by 154 gives 6 as quotient and 2 as remainder. 2313 divided by 154 gives 15 as quotient and 3 as remainder. So this is the correct choice!
Method-2:
Let N be the greatest such number.
Then, 926 and 2313 when divided by N give remainders of 2 and 3.
i.e. (926 – 2) and (2313 – 3) will be divisible by N
i.e. 924 and 2310 are both divisible by N i.e. N is a common factor of these numbers.
So N will be the greatest common factor of N
Now, 924 = 4 x 3 x 7 x 11 and 2310 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 11
Clearly the HCF will be 2 x 3 x 7 x 11 = 462
Ideally this should be there in the options!!!
However, since it is not there, look for a factor of 462 → 154 which is the correct answer.
Option (a): 926 divided by 52 gives 17 as quotient and 42 as remainder, so this choice is incorrect.
Option (b): 926 divided by 54 gives 17 as quotient and 8 as remainder, so this is also incorrect.
Option (c): 926 divided by 152 gives 6 as quotient and 14 as remainder, so this too is incorrect.
Option (d): 926 divided by 154 gives 6 as quotient and 2 as remainder. 2313 divided by 154 gives 15 as quotient and 3 as remainder. So this is the correct choice!
Method-2:
Let N be the greatest such number.
Then, 926 and 2313 when divided by N give remainders of 2 and 3.
i.e. (926 – 2) and (2313 – 3) will be divisible by N
i.e. 924 and 2310 are both divisible by N i.e. N is a common factor of these numbers.
So N will be the greatest common factor of N
Now, 924 = 4 x 3 x 7 x 11 and 2310 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 11
Clearly the HCF will be 2 x 3 x 7 x 11 = 462
Ideally this should be there in the options!!!
However, since it is not there, look for a factor of 462 → 154 which is the correct answer.
Question 3
A single discount equivalent to a discount series 15% and 5% is
B 20%
Note: The correct answer is not given in the choices!!! So we mark the closest choice i.e. option b.
We know that two successive changes of a% and b% can be cumulated as a + b + ab/100
So equivalent change will be –15 – 5 + (–15)( –5)/100 = –19.25%
i.e. 19.25% discount.
Alternatively:
Say initial price is Rs. 100.
Then after 1st discount of 15%, price will become 100 – 15% of 100 = 100 – 15/100 x 100 = Rs. 85
After 2nd discount of 5% = 85 – 5/100 x 85 = 85 – 4.25 = Rs. 80.75
Hence overall discount = 100 – 80.75 = Rs. 19.25
i.e. overall % discount = 19.25/100 x 100 = 19.25%
We know that two successive changes of a% and b% can be cumulated as a + b + ab/100
So equivalent change will be –15 – 5 + (–15)( –5)/100 = –19.25%
i.e. 19.25% discount.
Alternatively:
Say initial price is Rs. 100.
Then after 1st discount of 15%, price will become 100 – 15% of 100 = 100 – 15/100 x 100 = Rs. 85
After 2nd discount of 5% = 85 – 5/100 x 85 = 85 – 4.25 = Rs. 80.75
Hence overall discount = 100 – 80.75 = Rs. 19.25
i.e. overall % discount = 19.25/100 x 100 = 19.25%
Question 4
By selling a cycle for Rs. 2345, a student loses 19%. His cost price is nearly
C Rs. 3000
Method-1: By approximations
Since loss = 19%, we assume it as 20% for ease of calculations.
Now 20% loss implies that SP = CP – 20% of CP = 80% of CP
i.e. CP = SP x 100/80 or approximately 2400 x 100/80 = Rs. 3000
Method-2: Using options
Hence clearly option (c) is the best choice!
Since loss = 19%, we assume it as 20% for ease of calculations.
Now 20% loss implies that SP = CP – 20% of CP = 80% of CP
i.e. CP = SP x 100/80 or approximately 2400 x 100/80 = Rs. 3000
Method-2: Using options
Hence clearly option (c) is the best choice!
Question 5
Diagonals of a rhombus are 1 m and 1.5 m in lengths. The area of the rhombus is
A 0.75 m<sup>2</sup>
Area of a rhombus = ½ x D1 x D2 = ½ x 1 x 1.5 = 0.75 m2
Question 6
An angle in a semi-circle is
C π/2
This question is confusing – does it ask for angle subtended by the diameter on the perimeter of the semi-circle? Or does it ask for the angle subtended at the centre?
Assuming that the question is about the angle subtended at the perimeter of the semi-circle, the answer is 90˚ or π/2. (If the question means the latter, the answer would be 180˚ or π)
Question 7
In a school for midday meal food is sufficient for 250 students for 33 days, if each student is given 125 g meals. 80 more students joined the school. If same amount of meal is given to each student, then the food will last for
D 25 days
Each student is given 125 g meals. So there is sufficient food for 250 students for 33 days.
i.e. Food available = (250 x 33) x 125 g
But when 80 students join, this food will be eaten by 250 + 80 = 330 students daily.
Say the food lasts for N days.
Then, Food eaten will be = (330 x N) x 125 g
Equating Food available and Food eaten:
(250 x 33) x 125 = (330 x N) x 125
i.e. N = 25 days
i.e. Food available = (250 x 33) x 125 g
But when 80 students join, this food will be eaten by 250 + 80 = 330 students daily.
Say the food lasts for N days.
Then, Food eaten will be = (330 x N) x 125 g
Equating Food available and Food eaten:
(250 x 33) x 125 = (330 x N) x 125
i.e. N = 25 days
Question 8
In a school of 500 students, 102 students can read Hindi and Tamil both, 200 students can read only Hindi. The students who can read only Tamil are
A 198
Here, we are not given information on how many students speak neither of the two languages, so we cannot determine how many can read only Tamil.
However in the exam situation, we must make an assumption that there is nobody who speaks neither of the two languages.
Hence, Universe = 500 students = Students who read either Hindi or Tamil or Both (H U T)
Clearly 500 = 200 + 102 + Speak only Tamil
So Speak only Tamil = 500 – 302 = 198
However in the exam situation, we must make an assumption that there is nobody who speaks neither of the two languages.
Hence, Universe = 500 students = Students who read either Hindi or Tamil or Both (H U T)
Clearly 500 = 200 + 102 + Speak only Tamil
So Speak only Tamil = 500 – 302 = 198
Question 9
The value of k for which kx + 3y – k + 3 = 0 and 12x + ky = k, have infinite solutions, is
C 6
kx + 3y = k – 3 and 12x + ky = k
For infinite solutions, ratio of all coefficients must be equal.
i.e. k/12 = 3/k = (k – 3)/k
Checking the options now, clearly k = 6 is the only one which will satisfy these conditions:
i.e. 6/12 = 3/6 = (6 – 3)/6 = 1/2
For infinite solutions, ratio of all coefficients must be equal.
i.e. k/12 = 3/k = (k – 3)/k
Checking the options now, clearly k = 6 is the only one which will satisfy these conditions:
i.e. 6/12 = 3/6 = (6 – 3)/6 = 1/2
Question 10
Table shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality
The mean daily expenditure on food is
| Daily Expenditure | Rs. 100-150 | Rs. 150-200 | Rs. 200-250 | Rs. 250-300 | Rs. 300-350 |
| Households | 4 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 2 |
C Rs. 211
Question 11
A box contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random from the jar, the probability that it is green is 2/3. The number of blue balls in the jar is
D 8
Let G and B be the number of marbles that are green and blue in colour respectively.
Then, G + B = 24
P (picking a green marble) = G/(G + B) = 2/3
So, 3G = 2G + 2B
i.e. G = 2B
Now, G + B = 24 or 2B + B = 24
i.e. B = 8
Hence number of blue marbles = 8
Then, G + B = 24
P (picking a green marble) = G/(G + B) = 2/3
So, 3G = 2G + 2B
i.e. G = 2B
Now, G + B = 24 or 2B + B = 24
i.e. B = 8
Hence number of blue marbles = 8
Question 12
The population of a city is 250 thousand. It is increasing at the rate of 2% every year. The growth in the population after 2 yrs is
D 10100
Growth in year-1 = 2% of 250 thousand = 5 thousand
Population after 1 year = 255 thousand
Growth in year-2 = 2% of 255 thousand = 5.1 thousand
Total growth = 5 + 5.1 = 10.1 thousand or 10100
Population after 1 year = 255 thousand
Growth in year-2 = 2% of 255 thousand = 5.1 thousand
Total growth = 5 + 5.1 = 10.1 thousand or 10100
Question 13
If a point (x, y) in a OXY-plane is equidistant from (-1, 1) and (4, 3), then
A 10x + 4y = 23
A point equidistant from two other points will definitely lie on their perpendicular bisector.
Clearly the perpendicular bisector will pass through their mid-point i.e. [(-1 + 4)/2, (1 + 3)/2] or (1.5, 2).
Simply substitute this point in each line to see which of the lines passes through it!!!
Option (a): 10(1.5) + 4(2) = 15 + 8 = 23 which satisfies the line.
Option (b): 6(1.5) + 4(2) = 9 + 8 = 17 ≠ 23
Option (c): -1.5 + 2 = 0.5 ≠ 7
Option (d): 4(1.5) + 3(2) = 6 + 6 = 12 ≠ 0
Hence correct choice is option (a).
Question 14
Sum of first 15 multiples of 8 is
A 960
We want S = 8 + 16 + 24 + ... + 120 = 8(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15) = 8 x 15 x 16/2 = 960
Question 15
A rod of 2 cm diameter and 30 cm length is converted into a wire of 3 m length of uniform thickness. The diameter of the wire is
B 2/√10 cm
Volume of cylindrical rod = Volume of cylindrical wire
Length of wire = height of cylinder = 3 m = 300 cm
So, π(1)2 x 30 = π(r)2 x 300
i.e. r2 = 1/10 or r = 1/√10
Hence, diameter of wire = 2/√10
Length of wire = height of cylinder = 3 m = 300 cm
So, π(1)2 x 30 = π(r)2 x 300
i.e. r2 = 1/10 or r = 1/√10
Hence, diameter of wire = 2/√10
Question 16
Two straight poles of unequal length stand upright on a ground. The length of the shorter pole is 10 m. A pole joins the top of the two vertical poles. The distance between the two tops is 5 m. The distance between the poles along the ground is 4 m. The area thus formed by the three poles with the ground is
B 46 m<sup>2</sup>
Consider the figures shown above, Now, AD = BD = 4 metres
Now in right ∆AEC, CE2 = AC2 – AE2 = 52 – 42 = 9
So, CE = 3 metres
Hence, CD = CE + ED = 3 + 10 = 13 metres
Now, Area of trapezium ADCB = ½ x (10 + 13) x 4 = 46 m2
Question 17
Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 hours and pipe B can fill the same tank in 12 hours. Both the pipes are opened to fill the tank and after 3 hours pipe A is closed. Pipe B will fill the remaining part of the tank in
C 5 hours 24 min
Let Capacity of tank be 60 litres
Then, rate of pipe A = 60/10 = 6 litres/hour
And, rate of pipe B = 60/12 = 5 litres/hour
Now, initially both are opened for 3 hours. So water filled = Rate x Time = (6 + 5) x 3 = 33 litres
Hence, remaining capacity = 60 – 33 = 27 litres
So, time taken by B to fill remaining capacity = Work/Rate = 27/5 = 52/5 hours
or 5 hours and 2/5 x 60 = 24 minutes
Then, rate of pipe A = 60/10 = 6 litres/hour
And, rate of pipe B = 60/12 = 5 litres/hour
Now, initially both are opened for 3 hours. So water filled = Rate x Time = (6 + 5) x 3 = 33 litres
Hence, remaining capacity = 60 – 33 = 27 litres
So, time taken by B to fill remaining capacity = Work/Rate = 27/5 = 52/5 hours
or 5 hours and 2/5 x 60 = 24 minutes
Question 18
A ground 100 × 80 m2 has two cross roads in its middle. The road parallel to the length is 5 m wide and the other road is 4 m wide, both roads are perpendicular to each other. The cost of laying the bricks at the rate of Rs. 10 per m2, on the roads, will be
B Rs. 8000
Area of longer road = 100 x 5 = 500 m2
Area of remaining portion of shorter road = 80 x 4 – 5 x 4 = 75 x 4 = 300 m2
Hence total area on which bricks are laid = 800 m2
Hence cost of laying bricks = 800 x 10 = Rs. 8000
Question 19
If selling price of 10 articles is equal to cost price of 11 articles, then gain is
D 10%
SP of 10 articles = CP of 11 articles = Rs. 110 (say)
So, SP of 1 article = 110/10 = Rs. 11
And CP of 1 article = 110/11 = Rs. 10
Hence profit on 1 article = Rs. 1
Or % gain = 1/10 x 100 = 10%
So, SP of 1 article = 110/10 = Rs. 11
And CP of 1 article = 110/11 = Rs. 10
Hence profit on 1 article = Rs. 1
Or % gain = 1/10 x 100 = 10%
Question 20
Angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 : 8. The smallest angle is
B 54°
Let the four angles be 3n, 4n, 5n and 8n.
Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral = 360°
Then, 3n + 4n + 5n + 8n = 360° i.e. n = 360°/20 = 18°
Hence, smallest angle = 3n = 54°
Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral = 360°
Then, 3n + 4n + 5n + 8n = 360° i.e. n = 360°/20 = 18°
Hence, smallest angle = 3n = 54°
Section: General Knowledge
Question 1
The headquarter of European Union is situated in
D Belgium
Belgium
Question 2
India in 2008 successfully put Chandrayaan-1 into its initial orbit by
B PSLV-C11
PSLV-C11
Question 3
Vishwanathan Anand retained the World Chess Championship in 2012 by defeating Boris Gelfand. Mr. Gelfand belongs to
A Israel
Israel
Question 4
Kapilvastu Relics (fragments of Lord Buddha’s bone), for the second time in 114 yr, recently travelled from India to
B Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Question 5
Dr. Norman Borlaug is famous as father of the Green Revolution in 1960s. His initial goal was to create varieties of wheat adapted to the climate of
A Mexico
Mexico
Question 6
A feature ‘Bluetooth’ now common in mobile phones, gets its name from a
D Danish 10th century king
Danish 10th century king
Question 7
Which pair of states does not touch each other?
A Meghalaya, Manipur
Meghalaya, Manipur
Question 8
Baglihar dam, is constructed on river
B Chenab
Chenab
Question 9
Navjiwan Trust was instituted with the objectives of propagating peaceful means of attaining third Swaraj, by
A Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi
Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi
Question 10
World Cup Football 2014 and Olympics 2016 will be held in
B Brazil
Brazil
Question 11
In 2012-13, India’s target is to restrict the fiscal deficit to x% of the GDP, where x is
D 5.1
5.1
Question 12
POSCO steel project to come up, but being strongly protested by the people is located in
C Odisha
Odisha
Question 13
Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards in our country were instituted in the year
B 1954
1954
Question 14
Who was crowned the Miss World 2012 on August 18, 2012?
B Ms Wenxia Yu
Ms Wenxia Yu
Question 15
Vishwaroopam is a 2013 Tamil spy thriller film written, directed and coproduced by __________, who also enacts the lead role.
C Kamal Hassan
Kamal Hassan
Question 16
Vijay Kumar, who clinched a Silver Medal in London Olympics in 2012 is associated with
B shooting
shooting
Question 17
Sushil Kumar, who won a Silver Medal in London Olympics in 2012 is associated with
C wrestling
wrestling
Question 18
How many medals did India win in London Olympics 2012?
D 6
6
Question 19
The present Pope chosen in March 2013, hails from which country?
C Argentina
Argentina
Question 20
The first person to set foot on the Moon on July 20, 1969 and, who died on August 25, 2012 was
B Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong
Question 21
In which place, on February 21, 2013, two powerful explosive devices planted on bicycles had exploded in Andhra Pradesh?
C Dilkushnagar
Dilkushnagar
Question 22
On which date Maha Kumbh Mela started in Prayag this year?
A January 14, 2013
January 14, 2013
Question 23
On which date ‘International Women’s Day’ is celebrated?
B Mar-08
Mar-08
Question 24
Duration of which Five Year Plan was 2007-2012?
D XI
XI
Question 25
As per census 2011, which state has the lowest sex ratio (877 : 1000)?
B Haryana
Haryana
Question 26
Hugo Chavez, who died on March 5, 2013 after losing his battle with cancer, was the President, of which country?
D Venezuela
Venezuela
Question 27
Carlos Slim, who tops the list of world’s wealthiest people, for the fourth year in a row, belongs to which country?
C Mexico
Mexico
Question 28
In the name P Chidambaram, the present Union Finance Minister, what does ‘P’ stands for?
C Palaniappan
Palaniappan
Question 29
The earlier name of which city was New Amsterdam?
D New York City
New York City
Question 30
The grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa is associated with
D Shah Alam II
Shah Alam II
Question 31
Where did Kuchipudi, an eminent dance form, originate?
B Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Question 32
Light Year is the unit of
B distance
distance
Question 33
The leaning tower of Pisa does not fall because
D the vertical line passing through the CG of the tower falls within its base
the vertical line passing through the CG of the tower falls within its base
Question 34
‘Paradise Regained’ was written by
A John Milton
John Milton
Question 35
Which is the richest temple in India?
B Padmanabha Swamy temple of Thiruvananthapuram
Padmanabha Swamy temple of Thiruvananthapuram
Question 36
Who founded the Red Cross?
A Henry Dunant
Henry Dunant
Question 37
‘World Literacy Day’ is celebrated on
C Sep-08
Sep-08
Question 38
South African Paralympics icon Oscar Pistorius has been accused of killing
B Reeva Steenkamp
Reeva Steenkamp
Question 39
In the month of March, 2013 the Supreme Court of India issued a notice that the ambassador of the following country shall not leave India without the permission of the Supreme Court.
C Italy
Italy
Question 40
The Constitution (One Hundred Seventeenth Amendment) Bill, 2012 makes provisions regarding
A reservation in matters of promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
reservation in matters of promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Question 41
The number of High Courts in India is
B 24
24
Question 42
The last British Emperor of India was
D King George VI
King George VI
Question 43
Palaeolithic period is also known as
C Old stone age
Old stone age
Question 44
Capital of India was transferred from Calcutta to Delhi in the year
B 1911
1911
Question 45
The Chairman of Fundamental Rights sub-committee of the Constituent Assembly was
D JB Kripalani
JB Kripalani
Question 46
The Environment Protection Act was passed by the Parliament of India in the year
B 1986
1986
Question 47
International Year of Biodiversity is/was/will be
A 2010
2010
Question 48
The first Shaka king in India was
C Maues
Maues
Question 49
Potential energy is described by the expression
A PE = mgh
PE = mgh
Question 50
Where was 16th NAM Summit held?
A Tehran
Tehran
Section: Logical Reasoning
Question 1
What is the colour of the pole diagonally opposite to the Bronze coloured pole?
D Golden
Question 2
Which is the second tallest pole?
D Cannot be determined
Question 3
Which if the colour of the tallest pole?
A Golden
Question 4
Which of the following is a valid assignment?
B R-Foreign, S-Industry and Commerce, P-Agriculture, Q-Rural Development, T-Human Resources
In such questions use the elimination technique.
Option “c” is ruled out because U cannot hold a portfolio if S holds one.
Since R wants either Foreign or Human Resources or no portfolio, options “a” and “d” can be ruled out.
Hence, the correct option is “b”.
Option “c” is ruled out because U cannot hold a portfolio if S holds one.
Since R wants either Foreign or Human Resources or no portfolio, options “a” and “d” can be ruled out.
Hence, the correct option is “b”.
Question 5
WIf P gets Foreign and R gets Human Resources, then which is not a valid assignment of Agriculture and Rural Development?
D Q-Agriculture, S-Rural Development
In such questions use elimination technique.
In this question condition applicable on Q and S is to be used.
Q says that if S gets Industry and Commerce or Rural Development then she must get the other one.
Choice “d” violates this condition and so is the correct answer.
In this question condition applicable on Q and S is to be used.
Q says that if S gets Industry and Commerce or Rural Development then she must get the other one.
Choice “d” violates this condition and so is the correct answer.
Question 6
In each of the following questions, a related pair of words is followed questions, a related pair of words is followed by four pairs of words or phrases. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Action : Reaction
Action : Reaction
B Assail : Defend
The relation between action and reaction is that of cause and effect – reaction follows an action.
Similar relationship is between the words assail: defend – assail means to make a violent attack on – defend follows assail.
Similar relationship is between the words assail: defend – assail means to make a violent attack on – defend follows assail.
Question 7
In each of the following questions, a related pair of words is followed questions, a related pair of words is followed by four pairs of words or phrases. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Sorrow : Misery
Sorrow : Misery
A Love : Obsession
Misery, just like sorrow means suffering of mind but is of a higher intensity than sorrow. Similarly obsession is also of a higher intensity than love.
Question 8
In each of the following questions, a related pair of words is followed questions, a related pair of words is followed by four pairs of words or phrases. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Drama : Audience
Drama : Audience
B Game : Spectator
Just like audience watch drama, spectators watch a game.
Question 9
In each of the following questions, a related pair of words is followed questions, a related pair of words is followed by four pairs of words or phrases. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Nuts : Bolts
Nuts : Bolts
A Nitty : Gritty
The idiom nuts and bolts mean the basic practical details of doing something.
Similarly nitty – gritty means the most important aspects or practical details of a subject or situation.
Similarly nitty – gritty means the most important aspects or practical details of a subject or situation.
Question 10
In each of the following questions, a related pair of words is followed questions, a related pair of words is followed by four pairs of words or phrases. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Book : Author
Book : Author
C Symphony : Composer
Just like an author writes a book a composer composes/writes a symphony.
Question 11
Each question contains a statement on relationship and a question regarding relationship based on the statement. Select the correct option.
Moni is daughter of Sheela. Sheela is wife of my wife's brother. How Moni is related to my wife?
Moni is daughter of Sheela. Sheela is wife of my wife's brother. How Moni is related to my wife?
B Niece
Moni is the niece of my wife.
Question 12
Each question contains a statement on relationship and a question regarding relationship based on the statement. Select the correct option.
Annu is daughter of my mother's brother Abahi. Pari is granddaughter of my mother. Pari should call Annu as
Annu is daughter of my mother's brother Abahi. Pari is granddaughter of my mother. Pari should call Annu as
A maternal aunt
As could be seen in the two cases Pari can call Anu either her maternal or paternal aunt.
Question 13
Each question contains a statement on relationship and a question regarding relationship based on the statement. Select the correct option.
Markandey is Rajiv's mother's father. Markandey has three brothers. One of them has grandson Abhi. Rajan is son of Abhi. Rajan is related to Rajiv as
Markandey is Rajiv's mother's father. Markandey has three brothers. One of them has grandson Abhi. Rajan is son of Abhi. Rajan is related to Rajiv as
B nephew
Abhi is Rajiv’s cousin, hence Rajan will be Rajiv’s nephew.
Question 14
Each question contains a statement on relationship and a question regarding relationship based on the statement. Select the correct option.
Deepak said to Nitin, "That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my father's wife". How is the boy playing football related to Deepak?
Deepak said to Nitin, "That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my father's wife". How is the boy playing football related to Deepak?
B Brother
That boy is Deepak’s brother. Even if Deepak’s parent have more than three children the answer would remain the same.
Question 15
Each question contains a statement on relationship and a question regarding relationship based on the statement. Select the correct option.
Pointing to a woman in the photograph, Rajesh said, 'The only daughter of her grandfather is my wife'. How is Rajesh related to that woman?
Pointing to a woman in the photograph, Rajesh said, 'The only daughter of her grandfather is my wife'. How is Rajesh related to that woman?
A Uncle
As can be seen from the two cases Rajesh can be both the uncle as well as father of the woman.
Question 16
Which of the following is the fasting day?
A Monday
Using clues (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) we get the placement as follows:-
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Monday is the fasting day.
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Monday is the fasting day.
Question 17
Banana day and apple day have a gap of how many days between them?
D Four
Using clues (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) we get the placement as follows:-
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Banana and apple day have a gap of four days between them.
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Banana and apple day have a gap of four days between them.
Question 18
Which day is grape day?
B Tuesday
Using clues (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) we get the placement as follows:-
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Tuesday is grape day.
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Tuesday is grape day.
Question 19
Which day is pomegranate day?
D Wednesday
Using clues (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) we get the placement as follows:-
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Wednesday is the pomegranate day.
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
Wednesday is the pomegranate day.
Question 20
Which of the following is the correct statement?
A Apple day is after papaya day
Using clues (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) we get the placement as follows:-
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
The first statement is the correct statement.
Please note that we are not certain as of now whether Pomegranate is to the immediate left of Papaya or not.
Using clue (vi) – Apple day and grape day must have a gap of two days between them – Now this gap could either to the right side of apple day or to the left side of the apple day – Both the scenarios will look as shown below-
Using clue (iii) we know that Case 1 is not possible as Pomegranate cannot be on day 1. So case 2 is the correct case and we will answer the questions using this case.
The first statement is the correct statement.
Question 21
Statement:
Indian children are very talented but are instead weak in Science and Mathematics.
Courses of Action:
I. Teaching and textbooks are not available in mother language.
II. Education based on experiments in both the subjects is lacking.
Indian children are very talented but are instead weak in Science and Mathematics.
Courses of Action:
I. Teaching and textbooks are not available in mother language.
II. Education based on experiments in both the subjects is lacking.
D If neither I nor II follows
Both the statements are more likely the causes of the problem, rather than suggestions to solve the problem.
Question 22
Statement:
Despite of child labour laws, children can be seen working in hotels, shops, houses very frequently.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should not make such laws which cannot be enforced.
II. A proper education system for the primary level particularly for lower caste community may eradicate this problem.
Despite of child labour laws, children can be seen working in hotels, shops, houses very frequently.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should not make such laws which cannot be enforced.
II. A proper education system for the primary level particularly for lower caste community may eradicate this problem.
B If only II follows
I is ruled out as if a rule is not getting enforced presently it doesn’t mean it cannot be enforced at all.
II is a suitable course of action as it is aiming to educate children at the primary level – education ‘may’ encourage people to keep their children productively engaged – also the use of word ‘may’ is helpful in making this choice.
II is a suitable course of action as it is aiming to educate children at the primary level – education ‘may’ encourage people to keep their children productively engaged – also the use of word ‘may’ is helpful in making this choice.
Question 23
Statement:
Kyoto protocol on environment is signed by almost every country of the world.
Courses of Action:
I. As a result air, water and soil pollution have come down.
II. Increasing production of automobiles, refrigerators and fertilizers do not affect our environment.
Kyoto protocol on environment is signed by almost every country of the world.
Courses of Action:
I. As a result air, water and soil pollution have come down.
II. Increasing production of automobiles, refrigerators and fertilizers do not affect our environment.
D If neither I nor II follows
Course of action is required to either solve a problem, mitigate losses or achieve some goals. The statement given is vague and does not solicit any course of action.
Question 24
Statement:
School dropout rate is very high in the rural areas a children support their parents in income earning activities.
Courses of Action:
I. Public awareness programme on primary education should be expanded immediately to educate parents.
II. Compensation is not a remedy.
School dropout rate is very high in the rural areas a children support their parents in income earning activities.
Courses of Action:
I. Public awareness programme on primary education should be expanded immediately to educate parents.
II. Compensation is not a remedy.
A If only I follows
I is a suitable course of action. Parents might understand the benefits of education – primary being the long term employability benefits of education.
II is unrelated to the statement and so is not the course of education.
II is unrelated to the statement and so is not the course of education.
Question 25
Statement:
Smoking is one of those human weaknesses which tend to test the will power of the smoker of the edge.
Courses of Action:
I. It is very difficult for the smoker to give up smoking even if they want to do so.
II. Human beings have other weaknesses as well.
Smoking is one of those human weaknesses which tend to test the will power of the smoker of the edge.
Courses of Action:
I. It is very difficult for the smoker to give up smoking even if they want to do so.
II. Human beings have other weaknesses as well.
D If neither I nor II follows
According to us, the correct answer is “d” as neither is a course of action.
However, as per CLAT answer key the correct answer was “c”.
This will be an answer if the main question was "what could be inferred from the given statement?" – as from the given statement both I and II could be inferred. But these are not courses of action.
However, as per CLAT answer key the correct answer was “c”.
This will be an answer if the main question was "what could be inferred from the given statement?" – as from the given statement both I and II could be inferred. But these are not courses of action.
Question 26
Complete the series by choosing the correct option.
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
A 34
In this series each term is the sum of previous two terms. So the final term here will be 13 + 21 = 34.
Question 27
Complete the series by choosing the correct option.
A-10, E-15, I-20, M-25, ...
A-10, E-15, I-20, M-25, ...
B Q-30
The letters are increasing by + 4 in alphabetical order.
So the letter of the final term will be M + 4 = Q.
The numbers are increasing by +5.
So the number of the final term will be 25 + 5 = 30.
So the next term will be Q30.
So the letter of the final term will be M + 4 = Q.
The numbers are increasing by +5.
So the number of the final term will be 25 + 5 = 30.
So the next term will be Q30.
Question 28
Complete the series by choosing the correct option.
17, 30, 74, 150, ?, 606
17, 30, 74, 150, ?, 606
D 302
The logic is previous term x 2 + 2.
So 17 becomes 17 x 2 + 2 = 36, 36 x 2 + 2 = 74.
Applying this logic the next term after 150 will be 150 X 2 + 2 = 302.
So 17 becomes 17 x 2 + 2 = 36, 36 x 2 + 2 = 74.
Applying this logic the next term after 150 will be 150 X 2 + 2 = 302.
Question 29
Complete the series by choosing the correct option.
2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, ?
2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, ?
C 7
There are two series in this question.
The odd terms follow the pattern of +2. The terms are 2, 4, 6, 8.
The even terms also follow the same pattern of +2.
The terms are 1, 3, 5,?.
The missing term falls in this series and will be 5 + 2 = 7.
The odd terms follow the pattern of +2. The terms are 2, 4, 6, 8.
The even terms also follow the same pattern of +2.
The terms are 1, 3, 5,?.
The missing term falls in this series and will be 5 + 2 = 7.
Question 30
Complete the series by choosing the correct option.
1, 4, 27, 256, ?
1, 4, 27, 256, ?
B 3125
The pattern is 11, 22, 33, 44. So the final term will be 55 = 3125.
Question 31
In each question below are given two statements numbered I and You have to take the two given statements as true even, if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow form the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements:
I. All vegetables have gravy.
II. All lunch has vegetable.
Statements:
I. All vegetables have gravy.
II. All lunch has vegetable.
A All lunch has gravy
As we can see from the diagram above, “a” follows.
Question 32
In each question below are given two statements numbered I and You have to take the two given statements as true even, if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow form the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements:
I. Karan Johar is a good director.
II. Directors are intelligent.
Statements:
I. Karan Johar is a good director.
II. Directors are intelligent.
D None of the above
Question 33
In each question below are given two statements numbered I and You have to take the two given statements as true even, if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow form the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements:
I. Some blues are green.
II. Pink is green.
Statements:
I. Some blues are green.
II. Pink is green.
B Some green is pink
As can be seen from the diagram option “b” is correct.
Question 34
In each question below are given two statements numbered I and You have to take the two given statements as true even, if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow form the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements:
I. All boys are tall.
II. All Punjabi are tall.
Statements:
I. All boys are tall.
II. All Punjabi are tall.
D None of the above
As can be seen from the diagram “d” is the correct answer.
Question 35
In each question below are given two statements numbered I and You have to take the two given statements as true even, if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow form the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements:
I. All girls go to the collage.
II. Rina does not go to the collage.
Statements:
I. All girls go to the collage.
II. Rina does not go to the collage.
A Rina is not a girl
As can be seen from the diagram “a” is the correct answer.
Question 36
Which of the following is wrong?
C F will be to the immediate right of A
Using the information there are two cases possible –
In both the cases “c” is wrong.
In both the cases “c” is wrong.
Question 37
Which of the following is correct?
A B will be to the immediate left of D
Both “a” and “b” could be correct. CLAT’s answer key marked “a” as the correct answer.
Using the information there are two cases possible –
Using the information there are two cases possible –
Question 38
A and F will become neighbours if
D H agrees to change her sitting position
Using the information there are two cases possible –
A and F will become neighbors if C agrees to shift places with F.
A and F will become neighbors if C agrees to shift places with F.
Question 39
During sitting
C A will be directly facing B
Using the information there are two cases possible –
A is facing B in both the cases.
A is facing B in both the cases.
Question 40
H will be sitting between
B A and F
Using the information there are two cases possible –
In Case 2, H will be sitting between A and F.
In Case 2, H will be sitting between A and F.
Section: Legal Aptitude
Question 1
Principle: When an offer is accepted by a person to whom it is made, it becomes a promise. But this promise will become legally binding only when the acceptance of the offer is unconditional.
Facts: Ram makes an offer to sell his house to Shyam for Rs. 50 lakh. Shyam accepts this offer but wants to pay the price of the house in five quarterly instalments. Ram does not agree to it. Thereafter Shyam agrees to pay the price of the house in the way as originally desired by Ram. But Ram does not reply to it. Can Shyam compel Ram to sell his house to him?
Facts: Ram makes an offer to sell his house to Shyam for Rs. 50 lakh. Shyam accepts this offer but wants to pay the price of the house in five quarterly instalments. Ram does not agree to it. Thereafter Shyam agrees to pay the price of the house in the way as originally desired by Ram. But Ram does not reply to it. Can Shyam compel Ram to sell his house to him?
D Shyam cannot compel Ram to sell his house because Shyam imposes a new condition about payment of price of the house while accepting the offer which is not ultimately accepted by Ram
Shyam cannot compel Ram to sell his house because Shyam imposes a new condition about payment of price of the house while accepting the offer which is not ultimately accepted by Ram.The moment Ram did not agree to Shyam’s offer the initial acceptance lapsed and Shyam's subsequent agreement to the contract did not result in any valid acceptance rather it amounted to a new condition which gave rise to a fresh offer. Hence, Shyam cannot compel Ram to sell his house subsequently. There was no contract finally concluded between Ram and Shyam.
Question 2
Principle: Generally an agreement without consideration is not valid. Therefore, in order to make a valid agreement, some consideration which may have some value in the eyes of law, is essentially required.
Facts: William has an old car of which he makes seldom use. He voluntarily enters into an agreement with Smith to sell this car for rupees ten thousand. Thereafter one Anson approaches William and offers to buy that car for rupees 1 lakh as the car was one which Anson has been searching for long. Now, William wants to cancel his agreement with Smith and refuses to deliver the car to him saying that consideration price for the car promised by Smith is negligible and therefore, agreement with him cannot be said to be valid one.
Facts: William has an old car of which he makes seldom use. He voluntarily enters into an agreement with Smith to sell this car for rupees ten thousand. Thereafter one Anson approaches William and offers to buy that car for rupees 1 lakh as the car was one which Anson has been searching for long. Now, William wants to cancel his agreement with Smith and refuses to deliver the car to him saying that consideration price for the car promised by Smith is negligible and therefore, agreement with him cannot be said to be valid one.
B William cannot cancel his agreement with Smith as the sale of car for rupees ten thousand was voluntary and this price has some value in the eyes of law
William cannot cancel this agreement as the valid contract has already been entered into William & Smith. It is immaterial that William got a better deal with Anson, but once a contract has been entered, the parties cannot retract from their promise. Secondly, even though the amount offered by Smith is lesser than the amount offered by Anson, William cannot revoke the contract on the ground of inadequacy of consideration. The amount initially offered by Anson, though less, is of value in the eyes of law.
Question 3
Principle: In order to be eligible to appear in the semester examination, a student is required to attend, under all circumstances, atleast 70% of the total classes held in that semester as per University rules.
Facts: Anand, an economically poor but a very brilliant student of LLB final semester, while going to his university by cycle received some leg injuries in road accident. Consequently Anand could not attend his classes for one week as he was advised rest his doctor for that period. Due to this absence from the university, Anand failed to have 70% attendance essential to appear in the examination and therefore, he was debarred from appearing in the examination by the university authorities. Anand challenges this decision in the court of law.
Facts: Anand, an economically poor but a very brilliant student of LLB final semester, while going to his university by cycle received some leg injuries in road accident. Consequently Anand could not attend his classes for one week as he was advised rest his doctor for that period. Due to this absence from the university, Anand failed to have 70% attendance essential to appear in the examination and therefore, he was debarred from appearing in the examination by the university authorities. Anand challenges this decision in the court of law.
C Anand will not succeed as he could very easily fulfil eligibility criteria for appearing in the examination by being reasonably regular in the class throughout the semester
Anand will not succeed as he could very easily fulfil eligibility criteria for appearing in the examination by being reasonably regular in the class throughout the semester. As per the given principle, in order to be eligible to appear in the semester examination, a student is required to attend, under all circumstances, atleast 70% of the total classes held in that semester as per University rules and since Anand has not accomplished the requisite criteria, he will not be allowed to appear in examination.
Question 4
Principle: A seller of goods cannot transfer better rights than he himself possesses in the goods sold to buyer.
Facts: Komal leaves his watch by mistake on a seat in the park. Sonal finds that watch and immediately sells the same for good price to Monal who without inquiring whether Sonal is its owner or not. Komal later on claims that watch from Monal decide whether Komal can succeed.
Facts: Komal leaves his watch by mistake on a seat in the park. Sonal finds that watch and immediately sells the same for good price to Monal who without inquiring whether Sonal is its owner or not. Komal later on claims that watch from Monal decide whether Komal can succeed.
D Komal can succeed as Sonal is merely finder of the watch and therefore, cannot transfer ownership rights thereon to Monal
Principle states that only Parliament or State Legislatures can make laws but not any law which takes away the Fundamental Right of any person. In this case since the law passed by Parliament was affecting the Fundamental Rights of the people, therefore it could be quashed but the court does not have the power to direct Parliament to make laws as Indian governance follows the doctrine of separation of powers and the organs of governance are constitutionally required to work within their respective spheres.
Question 5
Principle: All citizens shall have the Fundamental Right to carry on any occupation, trade or business. But reasonable restrictions on the exercise of such rights can be imposed by law in the interest of the general public.
Facts: A large number of persons had been carrying on the business of dyeing and printing in Rajkot area for the last 25 yr providing employment to about 30000 families. From these business places untreated dirty water was being discharged on the roads thereby causing damage to the public health. A notice, therefore, was given to close this business till necessary measures to protect public health as provided under the environmental statutes were taken by those businessmen.
Facts: A large number of persons had been carrying on the business of dyeing and printing in Rajkot area for the last 25 yr providing employment to about 30000 families. From these business places untreated dirty water was being discharged on the roads thereby causing damage to the public health. A notice, therefore, was given to close this business till necessary measures to protect public health as provided under the environmental statutes were taken by those businessmen.
D The notice can be justified as the right to business is not absolute and reasonable restriction can be imposed by law in the interest of the public
As per the principle, reasonable restrictions can be imposed on fundamental rights by law in the interest of the general public. It is stated in the facts that the untreated dirty water was being discharged on the roads thereby causing damage to public health. Therefore, a notice given to close such businesses would fall under reasonable restrictions. Hence option (d) is the most appropriate answer.
Question 6
Principle: A contract cannot be enforced by or against a person who is not a party to it. However, where some benefit is conferred on third party by the contract itself, there third party can allowed to enforce that contract to get such benefit.
Facts: Dinesh is liable to pay Rs. 50000 to Suresh. In order to discharge this liability Dinesh enters into a contract with Ramesh by which Dinesh sells his car to Ramesh for Rs. 1 lakh Ramesh takes the delivery of the car and promises/assures to pay its price at the earliest. Dinesh separately informs Suresh about this contract for his satisfaction. Ramesh fails to pay the car’s price. Suresh wants to join Dinesh in filing suit against Ramesh for the recovery of price of the car. Whether Suresh is entitled to do so?
Facts: Dinesh is liable to pay Rs. 50000 to Suresh. In order to discharge this liability Dinesh enters into a contract with Ramesh by which Dinesh sells his car to Ramesh for Rs. 1 lakh Ramesh takes the delivery of the car and promises/assures to pay its price at the earliest. Dinesh separately informs Suresh about this contract for his satisfaction. Ramesh fails to pay the car’s price. Suresh wants to join Dinesh in filing suit against Ramesh for the recovery of price of the car. Whether Suresh is entitled to do so?
C Suresh is not entitled to do so because liability of Dinesh does not depend upon any assurance of Ramesh
Suresh is not entitled to do so because liability of Dinesh does not depend upon any assurance of Ramesh. It’s just that Dinesh has separately informed Suresh about the contract for his satisfaction. Suresh is not a party to the contract and also that the contract has not been made to confer benefit upon Suresh.
Question 7
Principle: If a contract is made by post between two persons living in two different cities, then the contract is said to be completed as soon as the letter of acceptance is properly posted and the place of completion of the contract is that city where acceptance is posted. It is worth mentioning here that in every contract there is always an offer from one party and the acceptance of the offer from the other party.
Facts: Sani, a resident of Patna, gives an offer by post to sell his house for Rs. 25 lakh to Hani, a resident of Allahabad. This offer letter is posted on 1st January, 2013 from Patna and reaches Allahabad on 7th January, 2013. Hani accepts this offer and posts the letter of acceptance on 8th January, 2013 from Allahabad which reaches Patna on 16th January, 2013. But Sani presuming that Hani is not interested in accepting his offer, sells his house to Gani at same price on 15th of January, 2013. Hani files a suit against Sani for the breach of contract in the competent court of Allahabad. Whether Hani will succeed?
Facts: Sani, a resident of Patna, gives an offer by post to sell his house for Rs. 25 lakh to Hani, a resident of Allahabad. This offer letter is posted on 1st January, 2013 from Patna and reaches Allahabad on 7th January, 2013. Hani accepts this offer and posts the letter of acceptance on 8th January, 2013 from Allahabad which reaches Patna on 16th January, 2013. But Sani presuming that Hani is not interested in accepting his offer, sells his house to Gani at same price on 15th of January, 2013. Hani files a suit against Sani for the breach of contract in the competent court of Allahabad. Whether Hani will succeed?
D Hani can succeed as contract became complete in the eyes of law on the date of posting the letter of acceptance
Mr, Hani posted the letter on 8th January. Hence, when Mr. Sani sold the house on 15th January, he committed a breach of contract, making option (d) the most appropriate answer. Option (c) is not the correct answer as the Principle does not talk about the exception in the case of a delay. Hani can succeed as contract became complete in the eyes of law on the date of posting the letter of acceptance
Question 8
Principle: He, who goes to the court of law to seek justice, must come with clean hands.
Facts: P enters into a contract with S under which S has to construct a house for P and has to complete the same within one year from the date of the contract. This contact includes two very important terms. According to first term, if there is price hike of the materials to be used in the construction, then the escalation charges at a particular rate shall be payable by P to S. According to second term, if the construction of the house is not completed within the period prescribed for it, then S will have to pay penalty at a particular rate to P. Before the completion of the construction work the workers of S go on strike and strike continues up to three months even after the expiry of one year. After that period workers return and the construction work again starts. During the last three months period of strike there was a considerable rise in the price of the building material. S claimed escalation cost from P, P did not agree to it. S filed a suit in the court of law either to order the payment of the price of the building material on the basis of escalated price or to allow him to stop the work without incurring any penal liability towards P.
Facts: P enters into a contract with S under which S has to construct a house for P and has to complete the same within one year from the date of the contract. This contact includes two very important terms. According to first term, if there is price hike of the materials to be used in the construction, then the escalation charges at a particular rate shall be payable by P to S. According to second term, if the construction of the house is not completed within the period prescribed for it, then S will have to pay penalty at a particular rate to P. Before the completion of the construction work the workers of S go on strike and strike continues up to three months even after the expiry of one year. After that period workers return and the construction work again starts. During the last three months period of strike there was a considerable rise in the price of the building material. S claimed escalation cost from P, P did not agree to it. S filed a suit in the court of law either to order the payment of the price of the building material on the basis of escalated price or to allow him to stop the work without incurring any penal liability towards P.
C S cannot succeed as he has failed to complete the construction work in time and strike can not be treated as a valid excuse for delay in work
‘S’ cannot seek justice as his hands are not clean that is he is himself at fault. S cannot succeed as he has failed to complete the construction work in time and the strike cannot be treated as a valid excuse for a delay in work.
Question 9
Principle: If the object of an agreement is or becomes lawful or immoral or opposed to public policy in the eyes of law, then the courts will not enforce such agreements. Law generally prohibits child labour.
Facts: P enters into an agreement with T, by which P has to let his house to T for two years and T has to pay Rs. 20000.00 per month to P as rent. T starts a child care centre in that house. But after some time in order to earn some money for the maintenance of the centre, T starts sending the children of the centre on the rotation basis to work for four hour a day in some nearby chemical and hazardous factories. When P comes to know about this new development, he asks T either to stop the children from working in factories or to leave his house immediately. T neither agrees to leave the house nor to stop the children from working in the factories. P files a suit in the court of law of appropriate relief/action.
Facts: P enters into an agreement with T, by which P has to let his house to T for two years and T has to pay Rs. 20000.00 per month to P as rent. T starts a child care centre in that house. But after some time in order to earn some money for the maintenance of the centre, T starts sending the children of the centre on the rotation basis to work for four hour a day in some nearby chemical and hazardous factories. When P comes to know about this new development, he asks T either to stop the children from working in factories or to leave his house immediately. T neither agrees to leave the house nor to stop the children from working in the factories. P files a suit in the court of law of appropriate relief/action.
C P will succeed as the object of the agreement has become unlawful
P will succeed as the object of the agreement has become unlawful. Since child labour is prohibited, if the object of an agreement is or becomes lawful or immoral or opposed to public policy in the eyes of law, which is child labour in the given case, the courts will not enforce such agreements.
Question 10
Principle: Whosoever by his act or omission causes environmental pollution shall be held liable for any loss caused by such pollution. It shall be no defence in such cases that all due diligence or reasonable care was taken while carrying out the act or omission in question.
Facts: Hari is carrying on a chemical and fertilizer industry near a bank of a river. In order to prevent and control any kind of harm to the environment, suitable waste treatment and disposal plants were installed in the factory. Due to some sudden mechanical/ technical problem, these plants ceased to work properly and therefore, caused environmental pollution, which ultimately caused substantial harm to the environment and to the people living around the factory. Victims of such pollution file a suit for suitable remedy.
Facts: Hari is carrying on a chemical and fertilizer industry near a bank of a river. In order to prevent and control any kind of harm to the environment, suitable waste treatment and disposal plants were installed in the factory. Due to some sudden mechanical/ technical problem, these plants ceased to work properly and therefore, caused environmental pollution, which ultimately caused substantial harm to the environment and to the people living around the factory. Victims of such pollution file a suit for suitable remedy.
C Victims can succeed as it is the duty of Hari to see that no harm is caused to the environment/people due to his activity under any circumstances
Victims can succeed as it is the absolute duty of Hari to see that no harm is caused and the defence of reasonable care cannot be pleaded before the court of law. The Principle states that whoever causes harm to the environment by act or omission will be liable and cannot take the defence that all due diligence was taken by him. Hari will be liable.
Question 11
Principle: If a person transfers movable or immovable property with its full ownership and without any consideration to some other person, then it is called a gift.
Facts: S, who has no child of his own, makes a gift of his house worth Rs. 25 lakh to his nephew R. After completing all the legal formalities required for a valid gift, S says to R that in case of need R will provide that house to S for use without any questions. R does not react to it. After one year of this gift, S really needs that house and request R to make the house available to him, but R refuses to do so.
Facts: S, who has no child of his own, makes a gift of his house worth Rs. 25 lakh to his nephew R. After completing all the legal formalities required for a valid gift, S says to R that in case of need R will provide that house to S for use without any questions. R does not react to it. After one year of this gift, S really needs that house and request R to make the house available to him, but R refuses to do so.
C R can refuse as he has become full owner of the house
R can refuse as he has become the full owner of the house according to the principle and once he has become the full owner of the house he shall have all right to refuse.
Question 12
Principle: An agreement to do an act impossible in itself cannot be enforced by a court of law.
Facts: Ramesh agrees with his girl friend Shilpa to pluck stars from the sky through his extraordinary will power and bring them down on Earth for her within a week. After the expiry of one week, Shilpa filed a suit for damages against Ramesh, for the breach of contract as Ramesh failed to perform his promise.
Facts: Ramesh agrees with his girl friend Shilpa to pluck stars from the sky through his extraordinary will power and bring them down on Earth for her within a week. After the expiry of one week, Shilpa filed a suit for damages against Ramesh, for the breach of contract as Ramesh failed to perform his promise.
C The court cannot entertain suits as the act promised under the agreement is impossible in itself
The promise made is for the accomplishment of an impossible act since the promise made by Ramesh is not humanely possible. Its void ab initio.
Question 13
Principle: An agreement may be oral or written. However, if a law specifically required that an agreement must be in writing, then the agreement must be in writing. A law specifically requires that the agreements relating to transfer of the copyright in novel between an author of a novel and the producer of a motion picture must be in writing.
Facts: The author of a novel, Love at Lost Sight, had several rounds of discussion with a producer of motion picture regarding making of a motion picture based on Love at Lost Sight. During the last discussion, they decided to make a motion picture on Love at Lost Sigh. The producer made a motion picture on Love at Lost Sight after making a payment of Rs. 1000000 (ten Lakh only) in cash to the author, who happily accepted this amount as full and final payment. Later on, on the advice of his lawyer, who author brought a case in a court of law against the producer on the ground that there is no written agreement between the producer and him.
Facts: The author of a novel, Love at Lost Sight, had several rounds of discussion with a producer of motion picture regarding making of a motion picture based on Love at Lost Sight. During the last discussion, they decided to make a motion picture on Love at Lost Sigh. The producer made a motion picture on Love at Lost Sight after making a payment of Rs. 1000000 (ten Lakh only) in cash to the author, who happily accepted this amount as full and final payment. Later on, on the advice of his lawyer, who author brought a case in a court of law against the producer on the ground that there is no written agreement between the producer and him.
A The author is likely to succeed in the case as the agreement is not in accordance with the law
If a law specifically requires that an agreement must be in writing then it must be in writing. In the given facts, there is an agreement between the author and the producer of the movie but it is not written down. The law requires that the agreement, in this case, be a written agreement. Hence, as per the principle, option (a) is the most appropriate answer.
Question 14
Principle: A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract if, at the time, when he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effect upon his interest.
Facts: X, who is usually of sound mind but occasionally of unsound mind enters into a contract with Y, when he (X) is of unsound mind. Y came to know about his fact afterwards and now wants to file a suit against X.
Facts: X, who is usually of sound mind but occasionally of unsound mind enters into a contract with Y, when he (X) is of unsound mind. Y came to know about his fact afterwards and now wants to file a suit against X.
A X cannot enter into contract because he is of unsound mind, when he entered into contract
People with unsound mind and during that stage if they enters into the contract, such contract are barred by law at the outset. That will be absolutely void it will have no enforceability in the eyes of law.
Question 15
Principle: Whosoever commits any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code with a view to obtain the consent of any person to enter into an agreement, he cannot get the agreement enforced by law but the person, whose consent has been so obtained may get the agreement enforced by law. The Indian Penal Code defines various offences and prescribes punishments therefor.
Facts: A obtains the consent of B to enter into an agreement by an act amounting to criminal intimidation under the Indian Panel Code. A brings a case against B for performance of agreement ......
Facts: A obtains the consent of B to enter into an agreement by an act amounting to criminal intimidation under the Indian Panel Code. A brings a case against B for performance of agreement ......
C B will succeed in the case
B will succeed since B is the person upon whom void ability lies in law. B will be at the option either to continue the contract or to rescind it since the criminal intimidation has been caused to him.
Question 16
Principle: A contract between the father and his son is a contract of utmost good faith. In such a type of contract law presumes that at the time of entering into the contract the father was in a position to dominate the will of his son. Where one of the parties was in position to dominate the will of the party, the contract is enforceable only at the option of the party whose will was so dominated.
Facts: Ram had advanced a sum of Rs. 10000 to his minor son Shyam. When Shyam became major, his father Ram misused his parental position and entered into an agreement with Shyam and obtained a bond from him for a sum of Rs. 30000 in respect of the advance. Whether this agreement is enforceable?
Facts: Ram had advanced a sum of Rs. 10000 to his minor son Shyam. When Shyam became major, his father Ram misused his parental position and entered into an agreement with Shyam and obtained a bond from him for a sum of Rs. 30000 in respect of the advance. Whether this agreement is enforceable?
D The agreement is not enforceable against Shyam because Ram has misused his position as father to obtain an unfair advantage
The agreement is not enforceable against Shyam because Ram has misused his position as father to obtain an unfair advantage. Agreement relating to Rs. 10,000 is void ab initio as Shyam was minor and agreement obtaining a bond for Rs. 30,000 is voidable at the option of Shyam. Hence none of the contracts are enforceable.
Question 17
Principle: When at the desire of one person, any other person has done or abstained from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise. Only a promise coupled with consideration is enforceable by law.
Facts: X, the uncle of Y, made a promise to pay him an amount of Rs. 10000 as reward, if Y quits smoking and drinking within one year. X also deposited the above mentioned amount in a bank and informed Y that the said amount will be paid to him, if he quits smoking and drinking within one year. Within a period of six months of making the promise X died. After the expiry of one year of making the promise by X, Y made a request to the legal heirs of X demanding the promised money. The legal heirs of X declined the request of Y.
Facts: X, the uncle of Y, made a promise to pay him an amount of Rs. 10000 as reward, if Y quits smoking and drinking within one year. X also deposited the above mentioned amount in a bank and informed Y that the said amount will be paid to him, if he quits smoking and drinking within one year. Within a period of six months of making the promise X died. After the expiry of one year of making the promise by X, Y made a request to the legal heirs of X demanding the promised money. The legal heirs of X declined the request of Y.
A The promise of X to Y enforceable by law because Y has quitted smoking and drinking
Only a promise coupled with consideration is enforceable by law. In this case, Y quits smoking and drinking as he had promised to his Uncle. So his quitting in this case would amount to consideration as there is abstinence at the desire of the other party. Hence, the promise of X to Y is enforceable.
Question 18
Principle: ‘Work’ means literary work, artistic work, dramatic work, musical work, cinematographic film and sound recording but does not include acting in a cinematographic film. Only the works, as enumerated above, can be protected under copyright law.
Facts: A very famous actor acted in a cinematographic film. The actor was also the producer and director of cinematographic film.
Facts: A very famous actor acted in a cinematographic film. The actor was also the producer and director of cinematographic film.
C The acting of the actor cannot be protected under copyright law
It is clearly mentioned in the principle that the acting of the actor cannot be protected under copyright law. Hence the actor will have no claim to the copyright of his acting in the specific film.
Question 19
Principle: In case where the government is a party, the government shall be first owner of the copyright in the work unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
Facts: The Government of the State of X entered into an agreement with a retired professor of Botany. The professor agreed to write a text book on Botany. The government agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lakh to the professor for this work.
Facts: The Government of the State of X entered into an agreement with a retired professor of Botany. The professor agreed to write a text book on Botany. The government agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lakh to the professor for this work.
A The Government of the State of X shall be first owner of copyright in the text book
The Government of the State of X shall be first owner of copyright of the text book as stated in the principle. Moreover the professor cannot claim copyright because he has already been paid by the government for his work.
Question 20
Principle: Licence is an agreement whereby the owner of the copyright agrees to grant an interest in the copyright to the licences. Assignment is an agreement whereby the owner of the copyright transfers all the property rights to the assignee. Property right is a bundle of rights consisting of right to possess, right to use, right to alienate and the right to exclude others.
Facts: An owner of copyright in a cinematographic film enters into an agreement with B, a film distributor. B agrees to distribute the film only in Mumbai. A also enters into many such agreements with other distributors for distribution of his film in other cities.
Facts: An owner of copyright in a cinematographic film enters into an agreement with B, a film distributor. B agrees to distribute the film only in Mumbai. A also enters into many such agreements with other distributors for distribution of his film in other cities.
B The agreement between A and B is more in the nature of licence than in the nature of assignment
The agreement between A and B is more in the nature of licence than in the nature of assignment because assignment essentially requires transfer of “all rights”. In the given facts, B agrees to distribute the film only in Mumbai hence the agreement is in the nature of license.
Question 21
Principle: Qui facit per alium facit per se, i.e., he who does things through others does it himself.
Facts: Nisha, the owner of a car, asked her friend Saurabh to take her car and drive the same to her office. As the car was near her office, it hit a pedestrian Srikant on account of Saurabh’s negligent driving and injured him seriously. Now, Srikant files a suit for damages against Nisha.
Facts: Nisha, the owner of a car, asked her friend Saurabh to take her car and drive the same to her office. As the car was near her office, it hit a pedestrian Srikant on account of Saurabh’s negligent driving and injured him seriously. Now, Srikant files a suit for damages against Nisha.
C Nisha is liable as Saurabh was driving under her authority and for her purpose
Principle clearly provides that, he who does things through others does it himself. Nisha asked Saurabh to drive the vehicle, Nisha is liable as Saurabh was driving under her authority and for her purpose.
Question 22
Principle: Words describing quality of things cannot be registered as trade mark. However, such words may be registered as trade mark, if they acquire a secondary meaning. Words acquire secondary meaning when people start associating the descriptive words with a person specific.
Facts: A hatchery located in Raipur is owned by X. X has been using the slogan ‘new laid eggs sold here, since 1970 to describe the quality of eggs sold in his hatchery. Over a period of time because of continuous use of this slogan, people started associating this slogan with X. X filed an application for registration of the words ‘new laid eggs’ as trade mark in the year 1970.
Facts: A hatchery located in Raipur is owned by X. X has been using the slogan ‘new laid eggs sold here, since 1970 to describe the quality of eggs sold in his hatchery. Over a period of time because of continuous use of this slogan, people started associating this slogan with X. X filed an application for registration of the words ‘new laid eggs’ as trade mark in the year 1970.
A The words will be registered as trade mark
As per the principle, any word which acquires a secondary meaning will qualify the criteria of being registered as a trademark. The words will be registered as trade mark because the people started associating the descriptive words “new laid eggs” with the hatchery and thereby it acquired secondary meaning.
Question 23
Principle: Whoever takes away anything from the land of any person without that person’s consent is said to commit theft. A thing so long as it is attached to the earth is not the subject of theft but it becomes capable of being the subject of theft as soon as it is severed from the Earth.
Facts: Y cuts down a tree standing on the land of X with the intention of dishonestly taking the tree out of X’s possession without the consent of X. But Y is yet to take away the tree out of X’s possession.
Facts: Y cuts down a tree standing on the land of X with the intention of dishonestly taking the tree out of X’s possession without the consent of X. But Y is yet to take away the tree out of X’s possession.
B Y has committed theft as soon as the tree has been completely cut down by him
In order to prove theft, the following conditions must be fulfilled.
i) subject of theft as soon as it is severed from the Earth
ii) without that person's ‘consent’
Hence, as soon as Y cuts down the tree, theft is complete. Actually taking away is not essential.
i) subject of theft as soon as it is severed from the Earth
ii) without that person's ‘consent’
Hence, as soon as Y cuts down the tree, theft is complete. Actually taking away is not essential.
Question 24
Principle: Res ipsa loquiturie i.e., the thing speaks for itself.
Facts: Seema got herself operated for the removal of her uterus in the defendant’s hospital, as there was diagnosed to be a cyst in one of her ovaries. Due the negligence of the surgeon, who performed the operation, abdominal pack was left in her abdomen. The same was removed by a second surgery.
Facts: Seema got herself operated for the removal of her uterus in the defendant’s hospital, as there was diagnosed to be a cyst in one of her ovaries. Due the negligence of the surgeon, who performed the operation, abdominal pack was left in her abdomen. The same was removed by a second surgery.
C Surgeon will be responsible and Seema need not to prove surgeon’s negligence because presence of abdominal pack in her abdomen is sufficient proof therefor
Res ipsa loquitur, i.e., 'the thing speaks for itself' is used under Negligence for such an act which was so negligent that the Plaintiff does not need to prove anything further in support of his claim. Surgeon will be responsible and Seema need not to prove surgeon’s negligence because presence of cotton pack in her abdomen is sufficient proof therefor and a thing which speaks for its own.
Question 25
Principle: Whoever takes away with him any minor person less than sixteen years of age, if a male or less than eighteen years of age, if a female out of the keeping of parents of such minor person without the consent of such parent, is said to kidnap such minor person.
Facts: A female born on January 01, 1995 got admitted to an undergraduate program of a reputed university on July 01, 2012. She became friendly with one of the boys, born on June 01, 1994, of her class. The boy and the girl decided to marry. The parents of the boy agreed but the family of the girl did not agree. On December 15, 2012 the girl made a call from her Blackberry to the boy. The girl told the boy to come in his car at a particular place and time. The boy reached the stipulated place before the stipulated time. He waited there for about half an hour. The girl reached the stipulated place. She opened the door of the car and sat beside the boy who was on the driving seat. Without exchanging any pleasantries, the boy drove the car to an unknown place. The father of the girl lodged an FIR in the nearest policy on January 20, 2013.
Facts: A female born on January 01, 1995 got admitted to an undergraduate program of a reputed university on July 01, 2012. She became friendly with one of the boys, born on June 01, 1994, of her class. The boy and the girl decided to marry. The parents of the boy agreed but the family of the girl did not agree. On December 15, 2012 the girl made a call from her Blackberry to the boy. The girl told the boy to come in his car at a particular place and time. The boy reached the stipulated place before the stipulated time. He waited there for about half an hour. The girl reached the stipulated place. She opened the door of the car and sat beside the boy who was on the driving seat. Without exchanging any pleasantries, the boy drove the car to an unknown place. The father of the girl lodged an FIR in the nearest policy on January 20, 2013.
A The boy has committed the offence of kidnapping
Although the girl went with the boy with her free consent, her consent is not relevant as per the Principle given here. Hence, option (a) is the best possible answer as he took away a minor out of the keeping of the parents without the parent’s consent.
Question 26
Principle: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall punished.
Facts: Two adult men were found engaged in carnal intercourse by the police. The police arrested the men and produced them before the court.
Facts: Two adult men were found engaged in carnal intercourse by the police. The police arrested the men and produced them before the court.
C Court will punish the men
The principle mentions punishment for carnal intercourse against the order of nature, and the fact scenario is an example of the same. The words used are “intercourse against the order of nature with any man”. Court will punish the men. Both are liable.
Question 27
Principle: Wherever the causing of a certain effect or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.
Facts: A intentionally omitted to give food to his father. He also used to beat his father. Consequently A’s father died.
Facts: A intentionally omitted to give food to his father. He also used to beat his father. Consequently A’s father died.
D A committed the offence of killing of his father
A is liable for killing his father by doing act i.e. beating him as well as by omission i.e by not giving him food and per the principle, liability arises where offence is caused partly by act and partly by omission.
Question 28
Principle: Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age.
Facts: A child born on January 01, 2005 killed another child B on December 30, 2011.
Facts: A child born on January 01, 2005 killed another child B on December 30, 2011.
D A has not committed the offence for on the date of killing of B, A was a minor
The Principle states that any act done by a child under seven years of age is not an offence. In this case, A, who is a child of six years killed another child, B. Since A was under seven years of age, therefore his act would not be an offence and he would not be held as guilty.
Question 29
Principle: A pact, other than a pact to commit suicide, to suffer any harm is not an offence, provided the age of the person who has given his consent to suffer harm is above eighteen years.
Facts: A enters into a pact with B, a boy of less than 18 yr of age, to fence with each other for amusement. They agreed to suffer any harm which, in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play.
Facts: A enters into a pact with B, a boy of less than 18 yr of age, to fence with each other for amusement. They agreed to suffer any harm which, in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play.
C A, while playing fairly, hurts B, A commits an offence
In the given case, if A while playing fairly hurts B, he will be liable for causing harm to B because B is less than the age of 18 years, irrespective of the fact that he has consented to the harm or that the hurt has been caused by A to B in good faith.
Question 30
Principle: When an act, which would otherwise be an offence, is not that offence by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind or the intoxication of the person doing that act, every person has the same right of private defence against that act, which he would have if the act were that offence. Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.
Facts: A, under the influence of madness, attempts to kill B. B in order to save his life causes grievous hurt to A.
Facts: A, under the influence of madness, attempts to kill B. B in order to save his life causes grievous hurt to A.
D B has not committed any offence
B has not committed any offence. Right of private defence is available even against those people who can claim defence in IPC.
Secondly, reasonable force has been used by B to avoid threat hence he is not liable for any offence.
Secondly, reasonable force has been used by B to avoid threat hence he is not liable for any offence.
Question 31
Principle: Mere silence as to facts likely to affect the decision of a person to enter into a contract does not amount to fraud, unless his silence is in itself equivalent to speech.
Facts: A sells to B a horse which A knows to be of unsound mind. B says to A that if A does not say anything about the state of mind of horse, then B shall presume that the horse is of sound mind. A says nothing to B about the mental condition of horse.
Facts: A sells to B a horse which A knows to be of unsound mind. B says to A that if A does not say anything about the state of mind of horse, then B shall presume that the horse is of sound mind. A says nothing to B about the mental condition of horse.
A A has committed fraud
B specifically asked A to state the mental condition of the horse. A stayed silent but his silence amounted to speech indicating that the mental state of the horse is sound. Thus, it would amount to fraud.
Question 32
Principle: Whoever by words, either spoken or written brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India shall be punished. However, comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence.
Facts: A renowned professor of Economics wrote a critical comment on the economic policies of the Government of India in a National Daily. This piece of writing generated academic debate not only in the print media but also on television and internet. A student of law asked the fellow Indians on a social networking website to assemble at a particular place for peaceful and silent demonstration against the said economic policies on a stipulated date and time. The crowd assembled at that venue and stared shouting antigovernment slogans. Police arrested the professor.
Facts: A renowned professor of Economics wrote a critical comment on the economic policies of the Government of India in a National Daily. This piece of writing generated academic debate not only in the print media but also on television and internet. A student of law asked the fellow Indians on a social networking website to assemble at a particular place for peaceful and silent demonstration against the said economic policies on a stipulated date and time. The crowd assembled at that venue and stared shouting antigovernment slogans. Police arrested the professor.
B The professor has not committed any offence
The professor has not committed any offence as he wrote a comment in a National Daily which generated an academic debate and no sort of disaffection towards the government. Hence, the professor has not committed any offence. The demand was to assemble at a particular place for peaceful and silent demonstration.
Question 33
Principle: Where two or more persons have made a complaint for the grant of compulsory licence to the copyright board, the licence shall be granted to that complainant only who, in the opinion of the copyright board, would best serve the interests of the general public.
Facts: Four persons made a complaint for the grant of compulsory licence to the copyright board.
Facts: Four persons made a complaint for the grant of compulsory licence to the copyright board.
A Licence shall be granted to only one complainant
Licence shall be granted to only one complainant since the principle states that license will be granted “to that complainant only who…” indicating the singular character of this condition.
Question 34
Principle: Any police officer, not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector, may, if he is satisfied that an offence in respect of the infringement of copyright in any work has been, is being, or is likely to be, committed, seize without warrant, all copies of the work and all plates used for the purpose of making infringing copies of the work, wherever found and all copies and plates so seized shall, as soon as practicable, be produced before a Magistrate.
Facts: A Superintendent of Police (SP) conducted a raid on a shop and found pirated copies of books. The SP formed an opinion that infringement of copyright is taking place. He arrested the shop owner without warrant in the light of above mentioned propositions.
Facts: A Superintendent of Police (SP) conducted a raid on a shop and found pirated copies of books. The SP formed an opinion that infringement of copyright is taking place. He arrested the shop owner without warrant in the light of above mentioned propositions.
B The arrest of the shop owner was not within the power of the SP
A Superintendent of Police (SP) is much above the rank of a sub-inspector. The principle is tricky, it mentions that any police officer not below the rank of sub-inspector shall be competent to 'seize' without warrant in case any copyright infringement is found. In the facts given, the Superintendent of Police (SP) made an 'arrest' which as per the principle is not within his powers. Hence, the arrest of the shop owner was not within the power of the SP.
Question 35
Principle: Whoever attempts to commit an offence punishable by the Indian Penal Code and in such attempt does any act towards the commission of the offence, shall be punished. Stealing is an offence punishable by the Indian Penal Code.
Facts: A makes an attempt to steal some jewels by braking open a box and after so opening the box, finds that there is no jewel in it.
Facts: A makes an attempt to steal some jewels by braking open a box and after so opening the box, finds that there is no jewel in it.
B A has committed the offence of stealing
If ‘A’ would have left the box there and then, he would have been liable for attempt to theft, but he took the box itself, he is liable for theft of box as well.
Question 36
Principle: Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said to defame that person.
Facts: In a community there is a custom of stealing shoes of bridegroom during the marriage ceremony. The shoes of the bridegroom were stolen by Y, A announced that Z has stolen the shoes. Everyone present in the marriage party started staring at Z with great surprise. Z felt very ashamed.
Facts: In a community there is a custom of stealing shoes of bridegroom during the marriage ceremony. The shoes of the bridegroom were stolen by Y, A announced that Z has stolen the shoes. Everyone present in the marriage party started staring at Z with great surprise. Z felt very ashamed.
B A did not defame Z
Those customary practices where shoes are stolen and everyone knows about it will not be defamation at all.
Question 37
Principle: An employer is liable for the negligence of his employee. But an employer is not liable for the negligence of his employee, if the victim of such negligence is one of his other employees.
Facts: A and B were working in factory as unskilled labourers. A was carrying a basket of stones on his head. B was sitting on the ground. When A crossed B, all of a sudden a stone fell down from the basket and hit B on his head. B died immediately.
Facts: A and B were working in factory as unskilled labourers. A was carrying a basket of stones on his head. B was sitting on the ground. When A crossed B, all of a sudden a stone fell down from the basket and hit B on his head. B died immediately.
C The owner of the factory will not be liable
The owner of the factory will not be liable as per the given principle, an employer is not liable for the negligence of his employee, if the victim of such negligence is one of his other employees. It’s a case between A and B where B is hit by A, employer is not liable.
Question 38
Principle: Damages are the money recompense, as far as money can do, for the violation of a right.
Facts: A, an Indian citizen, having a right to vote, was not allowed to cast his vote on the polling booth, by the returning officer. Name of A was mentioned in the voter’s list. A has also reported at the polling booth in time. However, the candidate in whose favour A would have cast his vote won the election. A filed a suit claiming damages.
Facts: A, an Indian citizen, having a right to vote, was not allowed to cast his vote on the polling booth, by the returning officer. Name of A was mentioned in the voter’s list. A has also reported at the polling booth in time. However, the candidate in whose favour A would have cast his vote won the election. A filed a suit claiming damages.
A A will be entitled to damages
Principle states that damages is the monetary compensation to the extent an injury is caused. In this case although there is a violation of a legal right of A but still there is no injury. Hence A is entitled to damages.
Question 39
Principle: When a party to a contract has refused to perform, or disabled himself from performing, his promise in its entirety, the other party may put an end to the contract.
Facts: A engaged B on April 12 to enter his service on June 1 but on May 11, A wrote to B that his services would not be needed. On May 22, B joined C for employment.
Facts: A engaged B on April 12 to enter his service on June 1 but on May 11, A wrote to B that his services would not be needed. On May 22, B joined C for employment.
B B must have joined C on May 11
Principle states that when one party to a contract has disabled himself from performing the contract the other party may end the contract. In this case when A wrote to B that his services are no longer required, at that point B had the option of putting an end to the contract between him and A. After that B could join C.
Question 40
Principle: When a person voluntarily agrees to suffer some harm, he is not allowed to complain for that.
Facts: A was one of the spectators at a formula one car race, being held at Gurgaon, on a track owned by one M. company. During the race, there was a collision between two racing cars, one of which was thrown away amidst spectators, thereby causing an injury to A, A claims damages for the injuries caused to him.
Facts: A was one of the spectators at a formula one car race, being held at Gurgaon, on a track owned by one M. company. During the race, there was a collision between two racing cars, one of which was thrown away amidst spectators, thereby causing an injury to A, A claims damages for the injuries caused to him.
B M company will not be liable for damages because A had come to see the race on his own will
By going for such a race he had voluntarily exposed himself or had agreed to suffer some harm associated with watching such a race. He cannot claim damages for the injuries caused to him and hence M company is not liable. The principle is based on the maxim ‘Volenti non fit injuria’.
Question 41
Principle: An interest which is created on a transfer of property and depends upon the fulfilment of a condition will fail if the fulfilment of the condition is impossible or is forbidden by law or is of such a nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another or the court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy.
Facts: A gives Rs. 10 Lakh to B on condition that B shall marry A’s daughter C. On the date on which A gave Rs. 10 Lakh to B, C was dead.
Facts: A gives Rs. 10 Lakh to B on condition that B shall marry A’s daughter C. On the date on which A gave Rs. 10 Lakh to B, C was dead.
A B’s interest in Rs. 10 Lakh fails because of impossibility
Principle states that an interest which has been created by a transfer of property and depends upon the fulfilment of a condition will fail if the condition becomes impossible to perform. In this case the condition that B will marry C becomes impossible on account of C’s death.
Question 42
Principle: A condition precedent must be complied with before the happening of the event to which such a condition is attached. Fulfilment of such a condition after the happening of the event is no fulfilment of condition.
Facts: A transfers Rs. 5000 to B on condition that he shall marry with the consent of C, D and E. As C, D and E had to go abroad for some business purposes and as the date of marriage was already fixed, therefore, B marries without the consent of C, D and E but obtains their consent after the marriage when C, D and E return to their country.
Facts: A transfers Rs. 5000 to B on condition that he shall marry with the consent of C, D and E. As C, D and E had to go abroad for some business purposes and as the date of marriage was already fixed, therefore, B marries without the consent of C, D and E but obtains their consent after the marriage when C, D and E return to their country.
B B has not fulfilled the condition
In this case B had to marry with consent of C, D and E. So taking consent becomes condition precedent but B marries first and then takes the consent of C, D and E. Hence the condition is not fulfilled as it has been completed after the event.
Question 43
Principle: In an agreement, a condition subsequent must be complied with, to claim the benefit of that agreement.
Facts: A agrees to transfer a farm to B, provided that, if B does not go to England within three years after the date of the agreement, his interest in the farm shall cease. B does not go to England within the term prescribed.
Facts: A agrees to transfer a farm to B, provided that, if B does not go to England within three years after the date of the agreement, his interest in the farm shall cease. B does not go to England within the term prescribed.
A B’s interest in the farm continues
Principle states that condition subsequent is necessary to take the benefit of an agreement. In this case condition subsequent was that B could not go to England for three years after A had agreed to transfer his farm to him. B does not go to England for three years. Hence B would get the benefit of the agreement.
Question 44
Principle: Existence of all the alleged facts is relevant whether they occurred at the same time and place or at different times and places.
Facts: A, a permanent resident in a foreign country who never visited India, is accused of waging war against the Government of India by taking part in an armed insurrection in which property is destroyed, troops are attacked and prisons are broken open.
Facts: A, a permanent resident in a foreign country who never visited India, is accused of waging war against the Government of India by taking part in an armed insurrection in which property is destroyed, troops are attacked and prisons are broken open.
A The existence of ail the above mentioned alleged facts is relevant
The existence of all the above mentioned alleged facts is relevant because the given principle states that all the alleged facts shall be relevant even if they occurred at the same or at different places.
Question 45
Principle: Whoever desires any court to give judgment about any legal right or liability which depends on the existence of those facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist.
Facts: A asserts that B, C and D have committed an offence of criminal conspiracy and therefore A desires a Court to give judgment that B, C and D shall be punished for that crime which A says B, C and D have committed.
Facts: A asserts that B, C and D have committed an offence of criminal conspiracy and therefore A desires a Court to give judgment that B, C and D shall be punished for that crime which A says B, C and D have committed.
A A must prove that B, C and D have committed the crime
Principle states that whoever asserts any right or liability based on any fact must prove those facts. In this case A wants B, C, and D to be punished for criminal conspiracy so he must prove the fact that they did participate in a criminal conspiracy.
Question 46
Principle: The fact that any person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and any man, or within two hundred and eighty days after its dissolution, the mother remaining unmarried, shall be conclusive proof that he is the legitimate son of that man, unless it can be shown that the parties to the marriage had no access to each other at any time when he could have been begotten.
Facts: X and Y married on January 15, 1995. Y, the wife of X, never left her parental home and never went to her husband’s home. A boy was born to Y on July 15, 1995. For the court
Facts: X and Y married on January 15, 1995. Y, the wife of X, never left her parental home and never went to her husband’s home. A boy was born to Y on July 15, 1995. For the court
A there shall be a conclusive proof that the boy is the legitimate son of X
As per the law of evidence, it is an imposed obligation upon ‘X’ that the court shall conclusively presume that the child is the legitimate son of ‘X’. The question is based on Section 112 of Indian Evidence Act which states that birth during marriage is a conclusive proof of legitimacy.
Question 47
Principle: An unlawful interference with a person’s use or enjoyment of land or some right over, or in connection with it, is a nuisance in law of tort.
Facts: During the scarcity of onions, long queues were made outside the defendant’s shop who having a license to sell fruits and vegetables used to sell only 1 kg of onion per ration card. The queues extended on to the highway and also caused some obstruction to the neighbouring shops. The neighbouring shopkeepers filed a suit for nuisance against the defendant. Which one of the following decision will be correct in this suit?
Facts: During the scarcity of onions, long queues were made outside the defendant’s shop who having a license to sell fruits and vegetables used to sell only 1 kg of onion per ration card. The queues extended on to the highway and also caused some obstruction to the neighbouring shops. The neighbouring shopkeepers filed a suit for nuisance against the defendant. Which one of the following decision will be correct in this suit?
B The defendant is not liable for nuisance
The fundamental question to be determined here is whether the defendant's actions fell under causing unlawful interference. In this case, there was a scarcity of onions because of which there were long queues, outside the defendant's shop, causing obstruction to the neighbouring shopkeepers. Hence, the defendant cannot be held liable since he has not caused unlawful interference.
Question 48
Principle: Every agreement in restraint of the marriage of any person, other than a minor, is void.
Facts: Qadir Khan died in a road accident. Two co-widows, Sultana and Marjina enter into an agreement that if any of them will remarry, would forfeit her right to her share in the deceased husband’s property.
Facts: Qadir Khan died in a road accident. Two co-widows, Sultana and Marjina enter into an agreement that if any of them will remarry, would forfeit her right to her share in the deceased husband’s property.
B The agreement is not void because no restraint was imposed upon either of two widows for remarriage
In this case, the facts state that if any one of the co-widows remarries, she will forfeit her right to share in the deceased husband’s property. But this condition cannot be said to be a restraint in marriage. It only stipulates the fact that in case they remarry, they will not get a share in the property. Hence, B is the most appropriate answer.
Question 49
Principle: Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm, if it be done without any criminal intention to cause harm and in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to a person or property.
Facts: Mr. Sharman, the Italian captain of a steam vessel, suddenly and without any fault or negligence on his part, finds himself near the Kochi coast in such a position that before he can stop his vessel, he must inevitably run down a boat B with twenty or thirty passengers on board, unless he changes the course of his vessel, and that by changing his course, he must incur risk of running down a boat C with only two passengers on board, which he may possibly clear. Whether Sharman has committed an offence?
Facts: Mr. Sharman, the Italian captain of a steam vessel, suddenly and without any fault or negligence on his part, finds himself near the Kochi coast in such a position that before he can stop his vessel, he must inevitably run down a boat B with twenty or thirty passengers on board, unless he changes the course of his vessel, and that by changing his course, he must incur risk of running down a boat C with only two passengers on board, which he may possibly clear. Whether Sharman has committed an offence?
B Sharman can be held responsible for the act of criminal negligence
In this case Sharman did not have the intention to cause harm to passengers of boat C although he knew that changing the course of the ship would mean hitting boat C but this was necessary as otherwise the ship would have hit boat B which had 20-30 passengers as compared to C which had only 2 passengers. His act was necessary for preventing harm to those 20-30 passengers and hence he did not commit an offence.
Question 50
Principle: Only the parliament or the State Legislatures have the authority to enact laws on their own. No law made by State can take away a person’s fundamental right.
Facts: Parliament enacted a law, which according to a group of lawyers is violating the Fundamental Rights of traders. The group of lawyers filed a writ petition against the Parliament for enacting such law and requests the court to quash the law and to direct the Parliament to make a new law.
Facts: Parliament enacted a law, which according to a group of lawyers is violating the Fundamental Rights of traders. The group of lawyers filed a writ petition against the Parliament for enacting such law and requests the court to quash the law and to direct the Parliament to make a new law.
C The Court can quash the existing law, if it violates fundamental right but cannot direct the Parliament to make a new law
Principle states that only Parliament or State Legislatures can make laws but not any law which takes away the Fundamental Right of any person. In this case since the law passed by Parliament was affecting the Fundamental Rights of the people, therefore it could be quashed but the court does not have the power to direct Parliament to make laws as Indian governance follows the doctrine of separation of powers and the organs of governance are constitutionally required to work within their respective spheres.
