Section: ENGLISH
Question 1
Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage ?
A The felony – murder rule should be abolished.
The author states the viewpoints of both who are in favor of the felony-murder rule and those who are against this rule. In the end the author states that the felony-murder rule is dying a slow but certain death. This makes choice “a” the correct answer.
Question 2
The felony – murder rule was developed in order to
C deter deadly force in felonies
In paragraph 1 lines 3 and 4 the author states that “The common law courts, in need of a deterrent of deadly force in the course of this….”.This makes choice “c” the best answer.
Question 3
Arguments in favour of the felony – murder rule may include all of the following EXCEPT
D The victim of murder may be an accomplice of the felony.
In paragraph 2 the author has stated all the points other than the points made in choice “d”.
Question 4
According to the passage, opponents of the felony – murder rule have raised all of the following objections to the statute EXCEPT
D The felony – murder rule deters the use of deadly force in non-capital felonies.
In paragraph 3 the author has mentioned all the points other than the point mentioned in choice “d”.
Question 5
In which of the following situations would the defendant NOT be liable to the charge of murder under the felony – murder rule ?
B A bank security officer, pursuing the defendant after a robbery, falls down a flight of stairs and suffers serious permanent brain and spinal cord injuries.
In the opening paragraph the author explains that killing is an important criteria to apply felony-murder rule. “Any killing by one in the commission of a felony is guilty of murder”. The killing would be a murder whether intentional or unintentional. Only in choice “b” no killing takes place and hence in this choice the defendant will not be liable to the charge of murder under the felony – murder rule.
Question 6
According to the passage, the decline of support for the felony – murder rule is indicted by the abandoning of the rule in all of the following locations EXCEPT
D Canada
All the names in the four choices are mentioned by the author in paragraph 3. However for Canada it is mentioned that this rule is severely restricted which means it is not completely abandoned in Canada. This makes choice “d” the correct answer.
Question 7
The author believes that the felony – murder rule is
D an unfair equating of intent to commit a felony and intent to commit murder
This one is a tricky question as the author has not given his personal opinion about the rule. He has either quoted the proponents or the opponents of the rule. Eventually he gives an idea to the readers that this rule will eventually die a slow bur certain death. So we will use elimination technique to answer this question. Choices “a” and “c” could be easily eliminated as these are not mentioned in the passage. Choice “b” is mentioned in paragraph 3 but that is the opinion of many opponents. So choice choices “b” and “d” are close ones. We will go with choice “d” as that is the basic rationale behind opponents claiming this rule unfair and bizarre.
Question 8
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity
A lucidity
The meaning of ‘ambiguity’ is ‘uncertainty’ hence its opposite must be ‘lucidity’.
Question 9
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Antidote
Antidote
B poison
An ‘antidote’ is ‘something that cures a poison’, hence its opposite must be ‘poison’.
Question 10
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Which is NOT a synonym for 'accumulation'?
Which is NOT a synonym for 'accumulation'?
D collagen
‘Collection’, ‘assemblage’ and ‘conglomeration’ are all synonyms of the word ‘accumulation’, while ‘collagen’ is ‘the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues’.
Question 11
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Which is NOT a synonym for 'incline'?
Which is NOT a synonym for 'incline'?
B trenchant
The only word which is not a synonym for ‘incline’ is ‘trenchant’ which means ‘vigorous or incisive in expression or style’.
Question 12
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Aphorism
Aphorism
D proverb
‘Aphorism’ is ‘a pithy observation which contains a general truth’, hence its synonym must be ‘proverb’.
Question 13
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Passé
Passé
B old - fashioned
‘Passe’ is an adjective used for something that is ‘no longer fashionable’, hence its synonym would be ‘old-fashioned’.
Question 14
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Vituperation
Vituperation
C malediction
‘Vituperation’ means ‘bitter and abusive language’ and hence its synonym must be ‘malediction’ which is ‘a curse’.
Question 15
In the following questions, choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning to the bold word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Qualm
Qualm
C misgiving
The meaning of ‘qualm’ is ‘an uneasy feeling of doubt, worry or fear’ i.e. its synonym must be ‘a misgiving’.
Question 16
Choose the exact meaning of the idioms/phrases.
She exhibited remarkable sang froid during the crisis.
She exhibited remarkable sang froid during the crisis.
C composure
‘Sang froid’ is ‘composure or coolness shown in danger or under trying circumstances’.
Question 17
Choose the exact meaning of the idioms/phrases.
The co-operation and esprit de corps between the soldiers and the officers was directly responsible for their victory.
The co-operation and esprit de corps between the soldiers and the officers was directly responsible for their victory.
B loyalty
‘Esprit de corps’ is ‘a feeling of pride and mutual loyalty shared by the members of a group’.
Question 18
Answer the questions based on the following information.
In each of the question below, four different ways of writing a sentence are indicated. Choose the best way of writing the sentence.
In each of the question below, four different ways of writing a sentence are indicated. Choose the best way of writing the sentence.
C The main problem with the notion of price discrimination is not that it is always a bad thing, but that it is the monopolist who has the power to decide who is charged what price.
The parallel structure here is ‘The main problem is not that A, but that B’. Here A and B are independent clauses.
Question 19
Answer the questions based on the following information.
In each of the question below, four different ways of writing a sentence are indicated. Choose the best way of writing the sentence.
In each of the question below, four different ways of writing a sentence are indicated. Choose the best way of writing the sentence.
C A symbiotic relationship develops among contractors, bureaucracy and the politicians, and by a large number of devices costs are artificially escalated and black money is generated on underhand deals.
There are two reasons for choosing this option. Firstly, in options a, the article ‘the’ has been mentioned only before ‘contractors’ and ’politicians’ but has not been mentioned with ‘bureaucracy’ which is clearly incorrect. Likewise in option d, the article comes only before ‘contractors’; hence we can also eliminate these choices.
In option b, the phrase ‘with a large number of devices’ is incorrect and has been correctly phrased in option c as ‘by a large number of devices’. Hence option c is the correct choice!
In option b, the phrase ‘with a large number of devices’ is incorrect and has been correctly phrased in option c as ‘by a large number of devices’. Hence option c is the correct choice!
Question 20
In this section, each passage consists of five sentences. The first sentence is given in the beginning. The four sentences in each passage have been jumbled up. These are labeled P, O, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark accordingly on the Answer Sheet.
L1 : It is significant that one of the most common objections to competition is that it is blind
P : This is important because in a system of free enterprise based on private property, chances are not equal and there is indeed a strong case for reducing that inequality of opportunity.
Q : Rather it is a choice between a system where it is the will of a few persons that decides which is to get what and one where it depends at least partly, on the ability and the enterprise of the people concerned.
R : Although competition and justice may have little else in common, it is as much a commendation of competition as of justice that it is no respector of persons.
S : The choice today is not between a system in which everybody will get what he deserves according to some universal standard and one where individual shares are determined by chance or goodwill.
L6 : The fact that opportunities open to the poor in a competitive society are much more restricted than those open to the rich, does not make it less true that in such a society the poor are more free than a person commanding much greater material comfort in a different type of society.
The proper sequence should be
L1 : It is significant that one of the most common objections to competition is that it is blind
P : This is important because in a system of free enterprise based on private property, chances are not equal and there is indeed a strong case for reducing that inequality of opportunity.
Q : Rather it is a choice between a system where it is the will of a few persons that decides which is to get what and one where it depends at least partly, on the ability and the enterprise of the people concerned.
R : Although competition and justice may have little else in common, it is as much a commendation of competition as of justice that it is no respector of persons.
S : The choice today is not between a system in which everybody will get what he deserves according to some universal standard and one where individual shares are determined by chance or goodwill.
L6 : The fact that opportunities open to the poor in a competitive society are much more restricted than those open to the rich, does not make it less true that in such a society the poor are more free than a person commanding much greater material comfort in a different type of society.
The proper sequence should be
A RSQP
S and Q forms a mandatory pair as they are talking about the “choice”. If you look at the option choices only choice “a” has SQ together. If you read RSQP L6 after L1 the sentences will make coherent meaning.
Question 21
In this section, each passage consists of five sentences. The first sentence is given in the beginning. The four sentences in each passage have been jumbled up. These are labeled P, O, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark accordingly on the Answer Sheet.
L1 : The chain saw howled as I finished cutting through the branch.
P : The branch crashed to the ground, taking my spectacles with it.
Q : I almost dropped the saw as I shielded my face from the twigs that brushed by.
R : Howard retrieved my glasses and handed them up to me.
S : I pulled the saw away, and my husband tugged against the other end of the rope that I had tied just above the cut.
L6 : Are you okay? He asked.
The proper sequence should be
L1 : The chain saw howled as I finished cutting through the branch.
P : The branch crashed to the ground, taking my spectacles with it.
Q : I almost dropped the saw as I shielded my face from the twigs that brushed by.
R : Howard retrieved my glasses and handed them up to me.
S : I pulled the saw away, and my husband tugged against the other end of the rope that I had tied just above the cut.
L6 : Are you okay? He asked.
The proper sequence should be
B SQPR
R must follow P (common thread being the glasses) and must definitely precede L6. So the correct choice will be either “b” or “d”. Both are close choices as the subject in both Q as well as S is the “saw”. The correct answer as per the official key is choice “b”.
Question 22
In this section, each passage consists of five sentences. The first sentence is given in the beginning. The four sentences in each passage have been jumbled up. These are labeled P, O, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark accordingly on the Answer Sheet.
L1 : All human beings are aware of the existence of a power greater than that of the mortals — the name given to such a power by individuals is an outcome of birth, education and choice.
P : Logically, therefore such a power should be remembered in good times also.
Q : Their other philanthropic contributions include the construction and maintenance of religious places such as temples or gurdwaras.
R : Industrial organizations also contribute to the veneration of this power by participating in activities such as religious ceremonies and festivities organized by the employees.
S : This power provides an anchor in times of adversity, difficulty and trouble..
L6 : The top management/ managers should participate in all such events, irrespective of their personal choices.
The proper sequence should be
L1 : All human beings are aware of the existence of a power greater than that of the mortals — the name given to such a power by individuals is an outcome of birth, education and choice.
P : Logically, therefore such a power should be remembered in good times also.
Q : Their other philanthropic contributions include the construction and maintenance of religious places such as temples or gurdwaras.
R : Industrial organizations also contribute to the veneration of this power by participating in activities such as religious ceremonies and festivities organized by the employees.
S : This power provides an anchor in times of adversity, difficulty and trouble..
L6 : The top management/ managers should participate in all such events, irrespective of their personal choices.
The proper sequence should be
C SPRQ
RQ forms a mandatory pair as the pronoun “Their” in Q “Their other philanthropic” refers to “Industrial organizations” in R. There is only one choice “c” which has RQ together and is the correct choice.
Question 23
In this section, each passage consists of five sentences. The first sentence is given in the beginning. The four sentences in each passage have been jumbled up. These are labeled P, O, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark accordingly on the Answer Sheet.
L1 : A thorough knowledge of path or course to be followed is essential for achieving success.
P : Seniors must show the path clearly by laying down the precise expectations of the management in terms of job description, key result areas, and personal targets.
Q : They should also 'light the path' by personal examples.
R : Advice tendered or help offered must be objectively evaluated for its effectiveness in achieving the desired goals.
S : A display of arrogance and a false sense of 'self-worth', in order to belittle those who come to help, prove dysfunctional.
L6 : The individuality of each employee must be respected.
The proper sequence should be
L1 : A thorough knowledge of path or course to be followed is essential for achieving success.
P : Seniors must show the path clearly by laying down the precise expectations of the management in terms of job description, key result areas, and personal targets.
Q : They should also 'light the path' by personal examples.
R : Advice tendered or help offered must be objectively evaluated for its effectiveness in achieving the desired goals.
S : A display of arrogance and a false sense of 'self-worth', in order to belittle those who come to help, prove dysfunctional.
L6 : The individuality of each employee must be respected.
The proper sequence should be
D PQRS
RQ forms a mandatory pair as they talk about what seniors are expected to do. Also the “path” mentioned in L1 is elaborated in “P” and hence P should follow L1. Choice “d” has both these elements and is thus the correct choice.
Question 24
In the following questions, the word at the top is used in four different ways. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or INAPPROPRIATE.
Passing
Passing
C At the birthday party, all the children enjoyed a game of passing the parcel.
The incorrect usage of the word passing is in the first statement – the correct phrase is ‘pass marks’ and not ‘passing marks’.
Question 25
In the following questions, the word at the top is used in four different ways. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or INAPPROPRIATE.
Bolt
Bolt
B As he could not move, he made a bolt for the gate.
Here the second statement is incorrect as there is a logical inconsistency: If the person could not move, how could he have made a bolt for the gate?
Question 26
In the following questions, the word at the top is used in four different ways. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or INAPPROPRIATE.
Fallout
Fallout
D The Headmaster could not understand the fallout of several of his good students at the public examination.
‘Fallout’ is incorrectly used in sentence four as it does not imply failure or poor performance. The correct sentence should be ‘The Headmaster could not understand the failure of several of his good students at the public examination.’
Question 27
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
C vital
Clearly we need a positive adjective for the word ‘role’. The best option is ‘vital’.
Question 28
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
D impairs
Here the verb we need should be singular and also should have the meaning ‘reduces or hampers’. Clearly the appropriate word is ‘impairs’.
Question 29
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
C reduces
Clearly the verb we need here has a similar meaning as the previous blank and is singular as well. Hence the appropriate choice would be ‘reduces’.
Question 30
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
B offer
The use of the word ‘services’ following the blank indicates that the verb we need is ‘offer’.
Question 31
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
D eroding
The only appropriate word for soil is ‘eroding’.
Question 32
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
D access
The phrase following the blank is ‘to clean water’. The only appropriate word that applies to clean water is ‘access’.
Question 33
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
B source
Clearly the word that is appropriate with ‘of income’ is ‘source’.
Question 34
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
A despite
The suitable conjunction in this blank is ‘despite’. The others cannot be used along with the word ‘this’.
Question 35
Fill in the blanks with the best alternative among the four options:
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
Around the world, forests are being destroyed at a rate of about thirteen million hectares a year and deforestation accounts for an estimated 17% - 20% of all global emissions. In addition, forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks play a ___(27)___ role in preventing runaway climate change, soaking up a full 2.6 Gt of atmospheric carbon every year. The destruction of forests, therefore, not only emits carbon – a staggering 1.6 Gt a year, which severely ___(28)___ forests' capacity to absorb emissions from other sources – but also drastically ___(29)___ the amount of forested land available to act as a carbon sink in the future.
However, the effects of deforestation extend beyond carbon. Rainforests ___(30)___ a wide variety of ecosystems services, from regulating rainfall to purifying groundwater and keeping fertile soil from ___(31)___; deforestation in one area can seriously damage food production and ___(32)___ to clean water in an entire region. The value of global ecosystem services has been estimated at 33 trillion USD each year (almost half of global GDP), but these services have been taken for granted without a mechanism to make the market reflect their value. Rainforests are also a home and ___(33)___ of income for a huge number of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. ___(34)___ this, economic pressures frequently drive both these local communities and national governments in the developing world to ___(35)___ forests in ways that are unsustainable, clear-cutting vast areas for fuel, timber, mining, or agricultural land.
A exploit
The hint here is ‘in ways that are unsustainable ...’ Hence ‘exploit’ seems to be the obvious choice!
Section: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Question 1
The Aircraft Carrier inducted in to the Indian Navy recently is
C INS Vikramaditya
INS Vikramaditya
Question 2
Which of the following countries impeached its Chief Justice recently?
C Sri Lanka
Question 3
With which of the following country India signed an Extradition treaty that came into force during October 2013?
D Bangladesh
Question 4
The present Chief Election Commissioner of India is
B V.S. Sampath
Question 5
According to the recent World population data of 2013, the second most populous city in the world is
A New Delhi
Question 6
The latest country to launch a satellite during January 2013 from its soil and join the club of space-faring nations is
A South Korea
Question 7
Who won the Women's Singles at the Malaysian Grand Prix Badminton Championship in 2013?
C P.V. Sindhu
Question 8
Who is the oldest woman tennis player to be ranked No. 1 in the world?
D Serena Williams
Question 9
How many High Courts are there in India as on January 2014?
D 24
Question 10
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for the year 2013 has been conferred on:
A Ms. Angela Merkel
Question 11
Who has won the Golden Shoe Award in Soccer three times?
C Lionel Messi
Question 12
The phrase 'Bitcoins' refers to
D None
Question 13
Who was conferred the Col. C.K. Nayudu Life Achievement Award in Cricket during 2012?
A Sunil Gavaskar
Question 14
The Parliament of India voted to remove
D None
Question 15
The maximum penalty that can be imposed by CIC/SIC under the Right to Information Act, 2005 is
B Rs. 25,000
Question 16
On January 1, 2013, internet has completed
B 30 years
Question 17
Which of the following was declared by the United Nations General Assembly as "International Year for Water Cooperation"?
C 2013
Question 18
How many States are there in the European Union?
A 28
Question 19
How many members can be nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President?
C 12
Question 20
The highest award for sporting excellence in India is
D Khel Ratna
Question 21
Cloves, used as a spice, are derived from which of the following plant parts?
C Flower buds
Question 22
Which one of the following is included in the World List of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO?
D Sunderbans
Question 23
Who among the following was the first Law Minister of India?
C Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Question 24
Which one of the following countries is not a UN member country?
B Taiwan
Question 25
The main component of India's import items from China is
D Telecom equipments and Machinery
Question 26
Which of the following divides India into Northern and Southern parts?
B Tropic of Cancer
Question 27
With which one of the following countries, India shares maximum length of the border?
A Bangladesh
Question 28
What is known as Jasmine Revolution?
C Arab Spring
Question 29
Which one of the following statements about NATO is not correct?
C NATO is a collective defence organisation in Europe
Question 30
V.R. Krishna Iyer was
A a minister
Question 31
What does airbag, used for safety of car driver, contain?
B Sodium azide
Question 32
Which colour of heat radiation represents the highest temperature?
D White
Question 33
Who is the founder of Facebook?
C Mark Zuckerberg
Question 34
Shashi Kant Sharma was appointed in 2013 as the
B Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Question 35
Mist is a result of which one of the following?
A Condensation
Section: LEGAL APTITUDE
Question 1
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: The occupier of a premise owes a duty of care to all his invitees and visitors.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Radhika's brother, Akash, had come to visit at her place. After seeing her wealth, Akash decided to commit theft that night. While he was trying to escape that night he got electrocuted by the wires which were fixed on the boundary walls. Akash plans to sue Radhika. Will his claim succeed?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: The occupier of a premise owes a duty of care to all his invitees and visitors.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Radhika's brother, Akash, had come to visit at her place. After seeing her wealth, Akash decided to commit theft that night. While he was trying to escape that night he got electrocuted by the wires which were fixed on the boundary walls. Akash plans to sue Radhika. Will his claim succeed?
DECISION:
D No, because he himself is guilty of theft. He is no longer an invitee or visitor
In this case when Akash came to the house of Radhika at night he came not in the capacity of a visitor or invitee but as a thief. So Radhika does not owe any duty of care towards Akash and hence would not be liable.
Question 2
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An unlawful intrusion which interferes with one's person or property constitutes trespass.
2. An easement is the right to use another person's land for a stated purpose and has been in use for quite some time. It can involve a general or specific portion of the property.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Vijay wanted to construct a shed on his window to stop the water from leaking to his house. The shed was constructed but it protruded in Namit's house. Vijay claims it is his easementary right. Will Vijay's claim succeed?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An unlawful intrusion which interferes with one's person or property constitutes trespass.
2. An easement is the right to use another person's land for a stated purpose and has been in use for quite some time. It can involve a general or specific portion of the property.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Vijay wanted to construct a shed on his window to stop the water from leaking to his house. The shed was constructed but it protruded in Namit's house. Vijay claims it is his easementary right. Will Vijay's claim succeed?
DECISION:
C No, because there exists no right of easement.
In the given facts the shed over the window was not present before; therefore, when Vijay got the shed built which eventually interfered with Namit's house, Vijay cannot claim easementary right. This is because the shed was put to use from the present and was not in use before.
Question 3
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A person is responsible for that which he could have reasonably foreseen or prevented.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A chemist sold a hair conditioner to Jyoti. The conditioner was locally manufactured and the contents, harmful chemicals, were listed on the bottle. The chemist, however, represented to Jyoti that the chemicals used were harmless and beneficial for the hair. On using it, Jyoti's hair was badly damaged and she had to get hair treatment done for the same. Jyoti filed a complaint against the chemist. Will the chemist be liable?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A person is responsible for that which he could have reasonably foreseen or prevented.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A chemist sold a hair conditioner to Jyoti. The conditioner was locally manufactured and the contents, harmful chemicals, were listed on the bottle. The chemist, however, represented to Jyoti that the chemicals used were harmless and beneficial for the hair. On using it, Jyoti's hair was badly damaged and she had to get hair treatment done for the same. Jyoti filed a complaint against the chemist. Will the chemist be liable?
DECISION:
B Liable because he was aware of the side effects of the ingredients.
Since the shopkeeper knew that the chemicals in the shampoo were harmful but still presented the shampoo as harmless to Jyoti. The shopkeeper could have reasonably foreseen that if Jyoti used that shampoo her hair would be damaged.
Question 4
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Defamation means publication of a statement injuring the reputation of a person without lawful justification. Such statement must reflect on a person's reputation and tends to lower him in the estimation of right thinking members of the society generally or tends to make them shun or avoid him.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Madam Tussauds Ltd. decided to keep a waxwork exhibition, and placed an effigy of Babloo Prasad with a gun, in a room adjoining the "Chamber of Horrors". Mr. Babloo Prasad had been tried for murder in India and released on a verdict of "not proven guilt)'" and a representation of the scene of the alleged murder was displayed in the Chamber of Horrors. Is it amount to defamation?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Defamation means publication of a statement injuring the reputation of a person without lawful justification. Such statement must reflect on a person's reputation and tends to lower him in the estimation of right thinking members of the society generally or tends to make them shun or avoid him.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Madam Tussauds Ltd. decided to keep a waxwork exhibition, and placed an effigy of Babloo Prasad with a gun, in a room adjoining the "Chamber of Horrors". Mr. Babloo Prasad had been tried for murder in India and released on a verdict of "not proven guilt)'" and a representation of the scene of the alleged murder was displayed in the Chamber of Horrors. Is it amount to defamation?
DECISION:
B Defamation as his guilt was not proved and he was released by the court.
Babloo had got the verdict of "not proven guilty" and what Madam Tussauds did depicted him as a criminal and they had no lawful justification for the same and hence would be guilty for defamation.
Question 5
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally, for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A and B started a partnership firm for providing vehicle repairing services. C approached the firm for getting his car repaired and noticed that only B was present in the office. C informed the problem, and B started repairing the car. While B was repairing, he filled petrol instead of oil in the engine. As a consequence, a small blast occurred and damaged the car. Now, C sued both A and B for the damage so caused. Decide.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally, for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A and B started a partnership firm for providing vehicle repairing services. C approached the firm for getting his car repaired and noticed that only B was present in the office. C informed the problem, and B started repairing the car. While B was repairing, he filled petrol instead of oil in the engine. As a consequence, a small blast occurred and damaged the car. Now, C sued both A and B for the damage so caused. Decide.
DECISION:
A Both liable since B was authorised to carry out the work of the firm.
B who is a partner in the firm acts on behalf of the firm when C approaches him to repair his vehicle. Hence A who is the other partner will also be liable for the acts done by B as a partner of the firm.
Question 6
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No fault liability means liability of a person even without any negligent act on his part and even if he has taken due care and caution. If a person brings and keeps any dangerous thing on his land, then he is liable for any damage caused if the thing escapes. No one can be penalized for an Act of God which is unforeseeable and unpredictable.
FACTUAL SITUATION: B owned and managed a company supplying electricity to the nearby locality. On a particular windy and stormy day, one of the wires snapped and was hanging down. A, a cyclist who was driving in the night, saw the wire from a distance. There was a nearby street light with low visibility. He came in contact with the wire and was electrocuted immediately. His heirs sued A on ground of strict liability. Decide.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No fault liability means liability of a person even without any negligent act on his part and even if he has taken due care and caution. If a person brings and keeps any dangerous thing on his land, then he is liable for any damage caused if the thing escapes. No one can be penalized for an Act of God which is unforeseeable and unpredictable.
FACTUAL SITUATION: B owned and managed a company supplying electricity to the nearby locality. On a particular windy and stormy day, one of the wires snapped and was hanging down. A, a cyclist who was driving in the night, saw the wire from a distance. There was a nearby street light with low visibility. He came in contact with the wire and was electrocuted immediately. His heirs sued A on ground of strict liability. Decide.
DECISION:
C A is liable because supplying electricity is an inherently dangerous use of land and he should have been careful.
B manages an electricity supply unit which is a dangerous thing and in such a business it could be reasonably foreseen that wires may snap off and on. B cannot take the defence of act of god. Hence B would be liable.
Question 7
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: The master/ principal is liable for all acts done by his duly appointed servant/agent for all acts done by him lawfully in the course of his employment.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A had an agency which used to lend carpenters to people on need basis. A deputed B to do some repair work in C's shed. While so doing, B lit up a cigarette and threw it as soon as he saw someone coming there. The cigarette remaining lit caused a fire and the shed was reduced to ashes. C sued A and B. Decide.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: The master/ principal is liable for all acts done by his duly appointed servant/agent for all acts done by him lawfully in the course of his employment.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A had an agency which used to lend carpenters to people on need basis. A deputed B to do some repair work in C's shed. While so doing, B lit up a cigarette and threw it as soon as he saw someone coming there. The cigarette remaining lit caused a fire and the shed was reduced to ashes. C sued A and B. Decide.
DECISION:
A A is liable as B was his servant.
The cigarette causes fire and the shed is burnt down. Hence fire had been caused due to B who was at that time within the course of employment of A and, therefore, A would be liable.
Question 8
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Where the parents of a minor child due to their negligenceallow the child an opportunity to commit a tort, the parents are liable.
FACTUAL SITUATION: The father supplied an airgun to his son who was about to turn 18 next month. After some complaints of mischief, the father took the gun away and placed it in a corner of their storeroom which was used by the family to store surplus and other unnecessary stuff. The son took it out of the store and shot A. A sued his father. Is the father liable?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Where the parents of a minor child due to their negligenceallow the child an opportunity to commit a tort, the parents are liable.
FACTUAL SITUATION: The father supplied an airgun to his son who was about to turn 18 next month. After some complaints of mischief, the father took the gun away and placed it in a corner of their storeroom which was used by the family to store surplus and other unnecessary stuff. The son took it out of the store and shot A. A sued his father. Is the father liable?
DECISION:
B Yes, he was the one who gave the gun and allowed him to use it by giving an opportunity.
Since the father was the one who gave his son an air gun. Although he took it away from him but the son still had access to it, thereby giving his son an opportunity to use the gun which ultimately injured A. Hence the father would be liable.
Question 9
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Medical professionals are not immune from liability in tort on ground of negligence.
2. Services rendered to a patient by a doctor (except when given free of charge) by way of consultation, diagnosis and treatment fall in the definition of "service" under the Consumer Protection Act. In case of negligence, the doctors are liable in tort as well as under the Consumer Protection Act.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A was the only child of his parents. Once he had high fever and his parents called a doctor at home. This doctor used to work at a respectable hospital in Delhi. The doctor administered certain medicines and asked the nurse to stay with him for the night and administer to him a chloroquine injection. This injection was generally not suitable for young children. The nurse, without prior test, followed instructions of the doctor and gave the injection. As a result of an allergic reaction, the child died. The parents sued the nurse and the doctor.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Medical professionals are not immune from liability in tort on ground of negligence.
2. Services rendered to a patient by a doctor (except when given free of charge) by way of consultation, diagnosis and treatment fall in the definition of "service" under the Consumer Protection Act. In case of negligence, the doctors are liable in tort as well as under the Consumer Protection Act.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A was the only child of his parents. Once he had high fever and his parents called a doctor at home. This doctor used to work at a respectable hospital in Delhi. The doctor administered certain medicines and asked the nurse to stay with him for the night and administer to him a chloroquine injection. This injection was generally not suitable for young children. The nurse, without prior test, followed instructions of the doctor and gave the injection. As a result of an allergic reaction, the child died. The parents sued the nurse and the doctor.
DECISION:
A Doctor was rendering a "service"; hence liable to pay compensation.
The doctor was negligent while treating A as he prescribed the injection which was not suitable for young children as a result of which A died. Hence the doctor would be liable.
Question 10
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An act done by the consent of a person above 18 years is not an offence; provide the offender did not intend to cause death or grievous hurt.
2. Mere pecuniary benefit is not a 'thing done for a person's benefit'.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, a poor man, is in dire need of money to pav off his money lenders. A approaches Z, a doctor, to operate on him to remove one of his kidneys so that he can donate it to needy people and earn money. The doctor explains to him the risks and thereafter proceeds to remove his kidney. In the process, some complications develop and A develops an abdominal tumour. Is Z guilty?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An act done by the consent of a person above 18 years is not an offence; provide the offender did not intend to cause death or grievous hurt.
2. Mere pecuniary benefit is not a 'thing done for a person's benefit'.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, a poor man, is in dire need of money to pav off his money lenders. A approaches Z, a doctor, to operate on him to remove one of his kidneys so that he can donate it to needy people and earn money. The doctor explains to him the risks and thereafter proceeds to remove his kidney. In the process, some complications develop and A develops an abdominal tumour. Is Z guilty?
DECISION:
C No, Z performed the operation with A's consent and fully explained him the risks involved.
In this case Z explains to A the risks involved in the surgery for removing kidney and also operates A only after obtaining his full consent'. Hence Z would not be liable.
Question 11
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An act done, even if without the consent of a person is not an offence, provided the offender did not intend to cause death, and the act was done for the person's benefit, in good faith.
2. Mere pecuniary benefit is not a 'thing done for a person's benefit'.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A is in a house which is on fire, with Z, a child. People below hold out a blanket. A drops the child from the house top, knowing it to be likely that the fall may kill the child but intending to save him from the fire. Unfortunately, the child is killed. Is A guilty?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. An act done, even if without the consent of a person is not an offence, provided the offender did not intend to cause death, and the act was done for the person's benefit, in good faith.
2. Mere pecuniary benefit is not a 'thing done for a person's benefit'.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A is in a house which is on fire, with Z, a child. People below hold out a blanket. A drops the child from the house top, knowing it to be likely that the fall may kill the child but intending to save him from the fire. Unfortunately, the child is killed. Is A guilty?
DECISION:
C No, his act was done in good faith to save the child.
A knows that the only chance of saving Z from fire was to drop him from the top of the house as people were standing below with blanket. He did this in good faith in order to save Z and hence would not be liable.
Question 12
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is, or who by reason of mistake of fact, in good faith, believes himself to be bound by law to do it.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. B is killed due to such firing. Is A guilty of murder?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is, or who by reason of mistake of fact, in good faith, believes himself to be bound by law to do it.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. B is killed due to such firing. Is A guilty of murder?
DECISION:
A Yes, he should have taken care to avoid any innocent person from being killed.
A is bound by law to carry out orders of his superiors and so he fires at the mob following an order from a superior which resulted in the death of B. Hence A would not be guilty of murder.
Question 13
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LELEGAL PRINCIPLE: A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he has published any matter which interferes with or obstructs or tends to obstruct the course of justice in connection with any civil or criminal proceeding pending at the time of the publication, if at that time he had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending.
FACTUAL SITUATION: X delivered a lecture at the local Rotary Club in favour of an accused who is prosecuted for assaulting a police officer. He said that the accused is a victim of prevailing corruption in the judiciary and he knows that the accused is going to be punished by the court for being honest. Is X guilty of contempt of court? DECISION:
LELEGAL PRINCIPLE: A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he has published any matter which interferes with or obstructs or tends to obstruct the course of justice in connection with any civil or criminal proceeding pending at the time of the publication, if at that time he had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending.
FACTUAL SITUATION: X delivered a lecture at the local Rotary Club in favour of an accused who is prosecuted for assaulting a police officer. He said that the accused is a victim of prevailing corruption in the judiciary and he knows that the accused is going to be punished by the court for being honest. Is X guilty of contempt of court? DECISION:
B Yes, guilty of contempt of court.
Since X knew that the proceeding is pending and still made comments about the trial of the accused which were likely to interfere with the course of justice and, hence, X would be guilty.
Question 14
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Whoever intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, in good faith, believing property belonging to B to be A's own property, sells the property to C. Has A committed theft?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Whoever intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, in good faith, believing property belonging to B to be A's own property, sells the property to C. Has A committed theft?
DECISION:
A No, because he did not have a dishonest intention.
In this case A had no dishonest intention and sold B's property to C in good faith thinking it to be his. Hence A would not guilty of theft.
Question 15
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Preparation to commit an offence is not an offence.
2. After one has finished preparation to commit an offence, any act done towards committing the offence with the intention to commit it, is an attempt to commit the offence which is by itself an offence.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Manish wanted to kill Nandini and had therefore gone to the market to buy explosives to plant in her house. Manish kept those explosives in his godown as he planned to plant them early next morning. But as the explosives were stolen in the night he could not plant them in Nandini's house. However, Nandini came to know about Manish's plan and therefore wants to file a complaint against him. Will she succeed?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Preparation to commit an offence is not an offence.
2. After one has finished preparation to commit an offence, any act done towards committing the offence with the intention to commit it, is an attempt to commit the offence which is by itself an offence.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Manish wanted to kill Nandini and had therefore gone to the market to buy explosives to plant in her house. Manish kept those explosives in his godown as he planned to plant them early next morning. But as the explosives were stolen in the night he could not plant them in Nandini's house. However, Nandini came to know about Manish's plan and therefore wants to file a complaint against him. Will she succeed?
DECISION:
D No, because mere preparation is no offence
Manish had only made preparation to plant the explosives at Nandini's house. But as the explosives were stolen he could not plant them nor could he attempt. Hence Manish would not be guilty.
Question 16
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person's consent, in order to committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force to cause, or knowing it likely to cause injury, fear, or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Akash was burning some crackers in his house when his dog got scared and got unruly which scared his brother Mohsin. Can this be called criminal force?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person's consent, in order to committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force to cause, or knowing it likely to cause injury, fear, or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Akash was burning some crackers in his house when his dog got scared and got unruly which scared his brother Mohsin. Can this be called criminal force?
DECISION:
B No, because law doesn't account for trivial things.
Akash was burning crackers which scared his dog and made him unruly which ultimately scared Mohsin. There is no use of criminal force as Akash was only playing with the crackers and had no intention of scaring either the dog or his brother Mohsin.
Question 17
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of commission of the act charged as an offence, nor subjected to a penalty greater than which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of commission of the offence.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A boy of 16 years was convicted of house trespass and theft. He was sentenced to imprisonment for 6 months and fine was also imposed. After the judgement, the Probation of Offenders Act came into force. It provided that a person below 21 years may not ordinarily be sentenced to imprisonment. Now the bov claims the benefit of this Act. Should he get it?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of commission of the act charged as an offence, nor subjected to a penalty greater than which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of commission of the offence.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A boy of 16 years was convicted of house trespass and theft. He was sentenced to imprisonment for 6 months and fine was also imposed. After the judgement, the Probation of Offenders Act came into force. It provided that a person below 21 years may not ordinarily be sentenced to imprisonment. Now the bov claims the benefit of this Act. Should he get it?
DECISION:
B The rule of beneficial interpretation required that the benefit of ex post facto law can be applied to reduce his sentence.
In this case the new Act is not providing for an offence or punishment but is providing for a law which would exempt the boy from punishment. Hence the boy would be able to get the benefit of the Act.
Question 18
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No one can be punished for the same offence twice.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Aditya is accused of harassing his colleague Nimisha. She complains to her superior and a departmental inquiry is initiated against Aditya. Aditya tries to intimidate Nimisha and continues harassing her following which she complains to the police. The departmental inquiry finds him guilty and terminates his services. Later, he is found guilty by a court and is jailed for 2 years. He claims that he has been punished twice.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: No one can be punished for the same offence twice.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Aditya is accused of harassing his colleague Nimisha. She complains to her superior and a departmental inquiry is initiated against Aditya. Aditya tries to intimidate Nimisha and continues harassing her following which she complains to the police. The departmental inquiry finds him guilty and terminates his services. Later, he is found guilty by a court and is jailed for 2 years. He claims that he has been punished twice.
DECISION:
C He has been punished for different offences.
When Aditya initially harasses Nimisha she files a complaint with the departmental authority which later terminates Aditya from service. When Aditya again harasses Nimisha she files a complaint with the police and the court sentences him to two years' imprisonment. Hence in this case Aditya has committed offence on two different occasions and therefore he is being punished for different offences.
Question 19
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: To be held guilty of an offence, one should have done the act that causes the intended result.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, with the intention to murder B stabs him repeatedly with a knife, B is taken to the hospital and is found to be out of danger. Thereafter, due to the doctor's negligence, B's wounds are infected and he requires surgical interventions. During the time of operation to remove his infected leg, B died on account of administration of general anesthesia.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: To be held guilty of an offence, one should have done the act that causes the intended result.
FACTUAL SITUATION: A, with the intention to murder B stabs him repeatedly with a knife, B is taken to the hospital and is found to be out of danger. Thereafter, due to the doctor's negligence, B's wounds are infected and he requires surgical interventions. During the time of operation to remove his infected leg, B died on account of administration of general anesthesia.
DECISION:
A A is guilty of murder.
The intended result anticipated by A was murder of B for which he does the act of stabbing B with a knife in order to kill him. But B survives (although later dies due to medical complications) so the intended result of A could not be achieved and, hence, he would be guilty for attempt to murder.
Question 20
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Every agreement, by which any party is restricted absolutely from enforcing his rights in respect of any contract, by the usual legal proceedings in the ordinary tribunals, is void to that extent.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Feroz and Pinto entered into an agreement for rendering certain services. As per the prevailing law, the agreement may be enforced either at Jaipur or Udaipur. The agreement itself, however, specifies that upon breach, the parties can only approach courts at Jaipur. Feroz breaches the contract and Pinto, being a resident of Udaipur, would like to sue him in Udaipur. He challenged the validity of the clause.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Every agreement, by which any party is restricted absolutely from enforcing his rights in respect of any contract, by the usual legal proceedings in the ordinary tribunals, is void to that extent.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Feroz and Pinto entered into an agreement for rendering certain services. As per the prevailing law, the agreement may be enforced either at Jaipur or Udaipur. The agreement itself, however, specifies that upon breach, the parties can only approach courts at Jaipur. Feroz breaches the contract and Pinto, being a resident of Udaipur, would like to sue him in Udaipur. He challenged the validity of the clause.
DECISION:
C Pinto will fail as the contract does not restrain him from instituting legal proceedings in Jaipur.
In the given facts, the agreement does not bar Pinto from enforcing his right but only specifies the place where the right can be enforced, i.e. Jaipur. Hence the agreement is not void and Pinto will fail in his action.
Question 21
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A contract is an agreement enforceable by law.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Amita invited Bina to her house for dinner. Bina accepted the invitation but later did not go. On Bina's failure to attend, Amita filed a suit against Bina for the price of non-consumed food. Will the law enforce this agreement?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A contract is an agreement enforceable by law.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Amita invited Bina to her house for dinner. Bina accepted the invitation but later did not go. On Bina's failure to attend, Amita filed a suit against Bina for the price of non-consumed food. Will the law enforce this agreement?
DECISION:
D No, because the law does not take account of trivial things
The agreement between Amita and Bina qualifies as a contract as there is offer and acceptance but is too small an issue for the court to interfere.
Question 22
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Once a person accepts another's offer, and signifies such acceptance to the former, a contract comes into existence between them.
2. Uncertain agreements are void agreements.
3. Rejected offers can be accepted only if renewed.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Bakshi wanted to purchase a particular land. He sent a letter to his cousin, Dutt, offering him? 4 lakhs for it. Dutt replied that he would not sell it below 5 lakhs. Bakshi communicated his willingness to pay this amount. Dutt did not sell the land to Bakshi. Bakshi sued him for breach of contract.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Once a person accepts another's offer, and signifies such acceptance to the former, a contract comes into existence between them.
2. Uncertain agreements are void agreements.
3. Rejected offers can be accepted only if renewed.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Bakshi wanted to purchase a particular land. He sent a letter to his cousin, Dutt, offering him? 4 lakhs for it. Dutt replied that he would not sell it below 5 lakhs. Bakshi communicated his willingness to pay this amount. Dutt did not sell the land to Bakshi. Bakshi sued him for breach of contract.
DECISION:
C Dutt is not liable because he has rejected the offer by giving a counter offer which is also not specific.
Bakshi offers Dutt to buy his house at `4 lakhs to which Dutt makes an unspecific counter offer that he would not sell his house below `5 lakhs. Since the counter offer is unspecific there could be no acceptance of the same and hence no binding contract.
Question 23
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: An agreement is void if the court regards it as opposed to the public policy.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Sunita, while her husband Shankar was alive, promised to marry Neel in the event of Shankar's death. Subsequently, Shankar died, but Sunita refused to marry Neel. Neel sues Sunita for damages for breach of promise.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: An agreement is void if the court regards it as opposed to the public policy.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Sunita, while her husband Shankar was alive, promised to marry Neel in the event of Shankar's death. Subsequently, Shankar died, but Sunita refused to marry Neel. Neel sues Sunita for damages for breach of promise.
DECISION:
D She is not liable as the contract is opposed to public policy and so void.
In this case Sunita contracted to marry Neel in the event of her husband's death while her husband was still alive. Since it is an agreement to remarry when the first husband is alive, therefore, it is against the policy and void.
Question 24
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: An agreement is void if its object is unlawful.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Sunil had a rich uncle who owned prime property in Chennai and had lot of money in the bank. Being the only heir, Sunil was sure that he would inherit the property. One day, the uncle called him to his room and announced that he planned to marry again. This angered Sunil and he plans to murder his uncle so he hired Anuj, a murderer and entered into a contract with him to kill his uncle. Sunil agreed to pay Rs. 10 lakhs to Anuj and even paid 5 lakhs as advance. The following night Anuj entered the uncle's house intending to kill him. On reaching there, he realised that Sunil's uncle was already dead so he left without doing anything. Next day, after post mortem report, it transpired that Sunil's uncle had died due to heart attack. Now, Sunil wants to recover the advance from Anuj. Will he succeed?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: An agreement is void if its object is unlawful.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Sunil had a rich uncle who owned prime property in Chennai and had lot of money in the bank. Being the only heir, Sunil was sure that he would inherit the property. One day, the uncle called him to his room and announced that he planned to marry again. This angered Sunil and he plans to murder his uncle so he hired Anuj, a murderer and entered into a contract with him to kill his uncle. Sunil agreed to pay Rs. 10 lakhs to Anuj and even paid 5 lakhs as advance. The following night Anuj entered the uncle's house intending to kill him. On reaching there, he realised that Sunil's uncle was already dead so he left without doing anything. Next day, after post mortem report, it transpired that Sunil's uncle had died due to heart attack. Now, Sunil wants to recover the advance from Anuj. Will he succeed?
DECISION:
B No
The agreement between Sunil and Anuj is void since the object of the agreement was murder of Sunil's uncle which is unlawful. Hence Sunil would not be able to recover the money as he had advanced money under a void agreement the object of which was unlawful.
Question 25
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Consideration must be of value in the eyes of law.
2. Consideration is not real if it is illusory.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Arjun received summons to appear at a trial as a witness on behalf of Bitu, the accused. Bitu promised to pay him a sum of Rs. 1, 000 for his trouble. On default by Bitu, Arjun filed a suit to recover the said sum. Will he succeed?
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Consideration must be of value in the eyes of law.
2. Consideration is not real if it is illusory.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Arjun received summons to appear at a trial as a witness on behalf of Bitu, the accused. Bitu promised to pay him a sum of Rs. 1, 000 for his trouble. On default by Bitu, Arjun filed a suit to recover the said sum. Will he succeed?
DECISION:
D Yes, as he appeared before court only after Bitu agreed to pay him the amount of Rs. 1,000.
Where in lieu of Arjun appearing before the court Bitu promised to pay Arjun `1000 for the trouble caused to him. Hence the promise of Bitu to pay money was well supported by a consideration to appear as a witness from Arjun.
Question 26
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A minor is not competent to contract.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Deep, a 9th standard student realizes that he being a minor, he is not permitted by law to execute a contract, appoints Mandeep as his agent to conclude purchase of a land to gift it to his mother on her birthday- Mandeep accordingly prepares the papers for the transaction but at the last minute the seller who had agreed to sell it now refuses to sell it contending that he does not wish to sell the land to a minor. Deep seeks to enforce the contract against the seller.
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLE: A minor is not competent to contract.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Deep, a 9th standard student realizes that he being a minor, he is not permitted by law to execute a contract, appoints Mandeep as his agent to conclude purchase of a land to gift it to his mother on her birthday- Mandeep accordingly prepares the papers for the transaction but at the last minute the seller who had agreed to sell it now refuses to sell it contending that he does not wish to sell the land to a minor. Deep seeks to enforce the contract against the seller.
DECISION:
D Deep can neither appoint an agent nor enforce the contract since he is a minor
Deep appoints an agent to execute a transfer of property but since the agent acts on behalf of the principal and the principal here is a minor who himself is not competent, therefore Deep cannot enforce the contract of sale between his agent and the seller because even his agent would be considered incompetent. Hence he could neither execute the transaction himself nor appoint an agent for the same.
Question 27
Given below is a statement of legal principle followed by a factual situation. Apply the principle to the facts given below and select the most appropriate answer.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Acceptance must be given only by the person to whom the offer is made.
2. Communication of acceptance to a person who did not make the offer does not bind the offerer.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Pal sold his business to Sam without disclosing it to his customers. Mani, an old customer sent an order for goods to Pal by name. Sam, the new owner, executed the order. Mani refuses to accept the goods from Sam as he intended to deal only with Pal. In a suit by Sam against Mani:
DECISION:
LEGAL PRINCIPLES:
1. Acceptance must be given only by the person to whom the offer is made.
2. Communication of acceptance to a person who did not make the offer does not bind the offerer.
FACTUAL SITUATION: Pal sold his business to Sam without disclosing it to his customers. Mani, an old customer sent an order for goods to Pal by name. Sam, the new owner, executed the order. Mani refuses to accept the goods from Sam as he intended to deal only with Pal. In a suit by Sam against Mani:
DECISION:
A Sam cannot recover as Mani never intended to deal with him.
Since the business of Pal had been purchased by Sam he accepted the offer and sent the goods. There is no contract as offer was made to Pal and he alone can accept it and therefore Mani is under no obligation to accept the goods.
Question 28
The main objectives of the Judicial Standards Accountability Bill 2010
1. It is a legislation which aims to increase accountability of the higher judiciary in India
2. It seeks to devise a new "complaint procedure" under which any person may be able to file a complaint in writing against any judge of a superior court
3. The issue of Judicial Standards must be seen in the context of Article 124(4) of the Constitution
4. The Bill seeks to provide a straight jacketed definition of misbehaviour in clause 2(k) Select the correct code:
1. It is a legislation which aims to increase accountability of the higher judiciary in India
2. It seeks to devise a new "complaint procedure" under which any person may be able to file a complaint in writing against any judge of a superior court
3. The issue of Judicial Standards must be seen in the context of Article 124(4) of the Constitution
4. The Bill seeks to provide a straight jacketed definition of misbehaviour in clause 2(k) Select the correct code:
B 1, 2 and 3
All of the above points on Judicial Standards Accountability Bill 2010 are correct.
Question 29
In April 2013, the Supreme Court held that the modification of a well-known cancer fighting drug is not a patentable new invention against which pharmaceutical firm?
B Novartis
Novartis
Question 30
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 does not provide that:
C Stalking and voyeurism are bailable offences
As per Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Stalking and voyeurism are NON BAILABLE offences
Question 31
India, Uniform Civil Code is applicable in the State of:
A Goa
Uniform Civil Code is only applicable in the State of Goa.
Question 32
NOTA is introduced in the voting machine as one among the options based on
B Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
NOTA is introduced in the voting machine as one among the options based on Representation of Peoples Act, 1951.
Question 33
How many duties are provided under Part IV A of the Constitution?
B 11
There are 11 Fundamental Duties in Constitution of India. 11th was added by 86th Constitutional Amendment, 2002.
Question 34
The Inter State Council has been constituted based on the recommendation of
C Sarkaria Commission
The Inter-State Council is a non-permanent constitutional body set up by a presidential order on the basis of provisions in Article 263 of the Constitution of India. The body was formed by a Presidential Order dated 28 May 1990 on recommendation of Sarkaria Commission.
Question 35
Which of the following is not a constitutional body?
D Planning commission
Planning Commission (Presently NITI Ayog) is an extra constitutional body. An extra constitutional body is an institution of government which is not defined in Constitution of India but are established by a resolution (decision) of union cabinet. For Example Planning Commission, National Development Council etc.
Section: REASONING
Question 1
Rahul: One would have to be blind to the reality of moral obligation to deny that people who believe a course of action to be morally obligatory for them have both the right and the duty to pursue that action, and that no one else has any right to stop them from doing so.
Richa: But imagine an artist who feels morally obliged to do whatever she can to prevent works of art from being destroyed confronting a morally committed anti-pornography demonstrator engaged in destroying artworks he deems pornographic. According to your principle that artist has, simultaneously, both the right and duty to stop the destruction and no right whatsoever to stop it.
Which of the following, if substituted for the scenario invoked by Richa, would preserve the force of her argument?
Richa: But imagine an artist who feels morally obliged to do whatever she can to prevent works of art from being destroyed confronting a morally committed anti-pornography demonstrator engaged in destroying artworks he deems pornographic. According to your principle that artist has, simultaneously, both the right and duty to stop the destruction and no right whatsoever to stop it.
Which of the following, if substituted for the scenario invoked by Richa, would preserve the force of her argument?
A A medical researcher who feels a moral obligation not to claim sole credit for work that was performed in part by someone else confronting another researcher who feels no such moral obligation.
Question 2
Between 1951 and 1963, it was illegal in the country of Geronia to manufacture, sell, or transport any alcoholic beverages. Despite this prohibition, however, the death rate from diseases related to excessive alcohol consumption was higher during the first five years of the period than it was during the five years prior to 1951. Therefore, the attempt to prevent alcohol use merely made people want and use alcohol more than they would have if it had not been forbidden.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT:
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT:
A Many who died of alcohol-related diseases between 1951 and 1963 consumed illegally imported alcoholic beverages produced by the same methods as those used within Geronia.
Question 3
Unless they are used as strictly temporary measures, rent-control ordinances (municipal regulations placing limits on rent increase) have several negative effects for renters. One of these is that the controls will bring about a shortage of rental units. This disadvantage for renters occurs over the long run, but the advantage-smaller rent increases - occurs immediately. In many municipalities, especially in all those where tenants of rent-control units have a secure hold on political power and can get rent-control ordinances enacted or repealed, it is invariably the desire for short-term gain that guides those tenants in the exercise of that power.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following can be properly inferred from them?
If the statements above are true, which one of the following can be properly inferred from them?
C In many municipalities there is now, or eventually will be, a shortage of rental units.
Question 4
A government's proposed 8 percent cut in all subsidies to art groups will be difficult for those groups to absorb. As can be seen, however, from their response to last year's cut, it will not put them out of existence. Last year there was also an 8 percent cut, and though private fundraising was very difficult for the art groups in the current recessionary economy, they did survive.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
B Overlooks the possibility that the cumulative effect of the cuts will be more than the arts group can withstand.
Question 5
Health insurance insulates patients from the expense of medical care, giving doctors almost complete discretion in deciding the course of most medical treatments. Moreover, with doctors being paid for each procedure performed, they have an incentive to over-treat patients. It is thus clear that medical procedures administered by doctors are frequently prescribed only because these procedures lead to financial rewards.
The argument uses which one of the following questionable techniques?
The argument uses which one of the following questionable techniques?
B Inferring the performance of certain actions on no basis other than the existence of both incentive and opportunity for performing those actions.
Question 6
Each question contains six statements followed by four sets of combinations of three. Choose the set in which the combinations are logically related.
1. Some buildings are not skyscrapers
2. Some skyscrapers are not buildings
3. No structure is a skyscraper
4. All skyscrapers are structures
5. Some skyscrapers are buildings
6. Some structures are not buildings
1. Some buildings are not skyscrapers
2. Some skyscrapers are not buildings
3. No structure is a skyscraper
4. All skyscrapers are structures
5. Some skyscrapers are buildings
6. Some structures are not buildings
B 2, 4, 6
Question 7
Each question contains six statements followed by four sets of combinations of three. Choose the set in which the combinations are logically related.
1. All bins are buckets
2. No buckets is a basket
3. No bin is a basket
4. Some baskets are buckets
5. Some bins are baskets
6. No basket is a bin
1. All bins are buckets
2. No buckets is a basket
3. No bin is a basket
4. Some baskets are buckets
5. Some bins are baskets
6. No basket is a bin
D 1, 2, 6
Question 8
1. If democracy is to survive, the people must develop a sense of consumerism.
2. Consumerism has helped improve the quality of goods in certain countries,
3. The protected environment in our country is helping the local manufacturers.
4. The quality of goods suffers if the manufacturers take undue advantage of this,
2. Consumerism has helped improve the quality of goods in certain countries,
3. The protected environment in our country is helping the local manufacturers.
4. The quality of goods suffers if the manufacturers take undue advantage of this,
B JFJI
Question 9
1. Everyday social life is impossible without interpersonal relationships.
2. The roots of many misunderstandings have been cited in poor relations among individuals.
3. Assuming the above to be true, social life will be much better if people understand the importance of good interpersonal relations.
4. A study reveals that interpersonal relations and hence life in general can be improved with a little effort on the part of individuals.
2. The roots of many misunderstandings have been cited in poor relations among individuals.
3. Assuming the above to be true, social life will be much better if people understand the importance of good interpersonal relations.
4. A study reveals that interpersonal relations and hence life in general can be improved with a little effort on the part of individuals.
B JFIF
Question 10
If the 2nd and 5th pennants are blue, the 2nd and 5th flags are red, and the 3rd flag is white, then which one of the following must be true?
D If the 1st flag is white, then the 1st pennant is green.
Question 11
If the 1st flag is red and the 2nd pennant is blue, then which one of the following is NOT necessarily true?
C If the 4th pennant is green, then the 1st pennant is white.
Question 12
If the 1st and 3rd flags are white and the 2nd and 4th pennants are blue, then which one of the following is false?
D The 5th pennant is green.
Question 13
If the 1st and 4th flags are blue, and the 3rd pennant is white, then which one of the following must be true?
B If the 5th pennant is white, then the 1st pennant is green.
Question 14
If the 2nd flag is red and the 3rd flag is white, and the 4th pennant is blue, then which one of the following must be true?
A If the 5th flag is white, then the two of the pennants are blue.
Question 15
If the 1st flag and the 2nd pennant are of the same colour, the 2nd flag and the 3rd pennant are the same colour, the 3rd flag and the 4th pennant are the same colour, and the 4th flag and the 5th pennant are the same colour, then which one of the following must be true?
C The 5th flag is red.
Question 16
Nicky, who is Ronald's daughter, says to Irene, "Your mother Rita is the youngest sister of my father, who is the third child of Sylvester". How is Sylvester related to Irene?
C Grandfather
Question 17
Pointing to a lady, a person says to his friend, "She is the grandmother of the elder brother of my father". How is the girl in the photograph related to the man?
A Niece
Question 18
Pointing towards a boy, Aruna said to Pushpa, "The mother of his father is the wife of your grandfather (mother's father)". How is Pushpa related to that boy?
C Cousin
Question 19
The front door of Kiran house is towards the south. From the backside of her house she walks 50 metres straight then turns towards the left and walks 100 metres and after that turns right and stops after walking 100 metres. Now Kiran is facing which direction?
D North
Question 20
If Northwest becomes south and southwest becomes east and all the other directions change in the similar manner, then what will be the direction for north?
D Southwest
Question 21
A policeman goes 20 km east and then turning to the south he goes 30 km and then again turns to his left and goes 10 km. How far is he from his starting point?
C 10 km
Question 22
In the following number series, find out the missing number:
31, 32, 36, 45, ?
31, 32, 36, 45, ?
D 61
Question 23
In the following number series, find out the missing number:
1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4, 9, 5, 11, 6, ?
1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4, 9, 5, 11, 6, ?
C 13
Question 24
In the following number series, find out the missing number:
300, 296, 287, 271, ?, 210
300, 296, 287, 271, ?, 210
A 246
Question 25
In the following number series, find out the missing number:
12, 15, 19, ?, 30, 37
12, 15, 19, ?, 30, 37
D 24
Question 26
In a cricket match the 'man of the match' award is given to the player scoring the highest number of runs. In case of tie, the player (out of those locked in the tie) who has taken the higher number of catches is chosen. Even thereafter, if there is a tie, the player (out of those locked in the tie) who has dropped fewer catches is selected. Aakash, Biplab and Chirag who were contenders for the award dropped at least one catch each. Biplab dropped 2 catches more than Aakash did, scored 50, and took 2 catches. Chirag got two chances to catch and dropped both.
Who was the man of the match?
I. Chirag made 15 runs less than both Aakash and Biplab.
II. The catches dropped by Biplab are 1 more than the catches taken by Aakash.
Who was the man of the match?
I. Chirag made 15 runs less than both Aakash and Biplab.
II. The catches dropped by Biplab are 1 more than the catches taken by Aakash.
D If the question can be answered by using both the statements together but not by either statement.
Question 27
Four friends, A, B, C and D got the top four ranks in a competitive examination, but A did not get the first, B did not get the second, C did not get the third, and D did not get the fourth rank.
Who secured which rank?
I. Neither A nor D were among the first 2.
II. E Neither B nor C was third or fourth.
Who secured which rank?
I. Neither A nor D were among the first 2.
II. E Neither B nor C was third or fourth.
C If the question can be answered by using either statement alone.
Question 28
Assertion (A) : The phenomenon of nuclear fission generates great energy.
Reason (R) : The process in which a nucleus is broken into two parts is called nuclear fission.
Reason (R) : The process in which a nucleus is broken into two parts is called nuclear fission.
B Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 29
Assertion (A) : The price of a stock is determined on the basis of demand and supply of the stock.
Reason (R) : The value of the Sensex increases whenever there is a heavy demand for the stocks which form the Sensex.
Reason (R) : The value of the Sensex increases whenever there is a heavy demand for the stocks which form the Sensex.
B Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Question 30
Statement:
A degree in law is one of the most wanted degrees by youth in India.
Conclusions:
I. A degree in law guarantees a good profession.
II. A degree in law is the first choice for youth in India.
A degree in law is one of the most wanted degrees by youth in India.
Conclusions:
I. A degree in law guarantees a good profession.
II. A degree in law is the first choice for youth in India.
C If both conclusions I and II follows
Question 31
Statement:
Any student who is caught red-handed using unfair means discredits his parents and teachers.
Conclusions:
I. Such students try to show that their teachers don't teach properly in the class.
II. Stringent actions must be taken against such students.
Any student who is caught red-handed using unfair means discredits his parents and teachers.
Conclusions:
I. Such students try to show that their teachers don't teach properly in the class.
II. Stringent actions must be taken against such students.
D If neither conclusion I follows nor II follows
Question 32
In the following set of analogies, one word is missing. Find it out from the given options.
Errata : ? :: Flaws : Jewels
Errata : ? :: Flaws : Jewels
B Books
Question 33
In the following set of analogies, one word is missing. Find it out from the given options.
Inoculation : ? :: Exposure : Toughening
Inoculation : ? :: Exposure : Toughening
C Vulnerability
Question 34
In the following set of analogies, one word is missing. Find it out from the given options.
Steel : Rails :: Alnico : ?
Steel : Rails :: Alnico : ?
C Silverware
Question 35
In the following set of analogies, one word is missing. Find it out from the given options.
Conscience : Wrong :: Police : ?
Conscience : Wrong :: Police : ?
C Discipline
Section: MATHEMATICS
Question 1
Mohan credits 15% of his salary into his bank and spends 30% of the remaining amount on household articles. If cash on hand is Rs. 2,380/-, what is his salary ?
D Rs. 3,500
Let Mohan’s salary be Rs. S
Then, credit to bank = 15/100 x S = 0.15 x S
Remaining amount = S – 0.15 x S = 0.85 x S
So spend on household articles = 30% of Remaining = 30/100 x 0.85 x S = 0.255 x S
Hence total expenses = 0.15 x S + 0.255 x S = 0.405 x S
i.e. balance cash on hand = S – 0.405 x S = 0.595 x S = 2380
Hence S = 2380 x 1000/595 = Rs. 4000
Then, credit to bank = 15/100 x S = 0.15 x S
Remaining amount = S – 0.15 x S = 0.85 x S
So spend on household articles = 30% of Remaining = 30/100 x 0.85 x S = 0.255 x S
Hence total expenses = 0.15 x S + 0.255 x S = 0.405 x S
i.e. balance cash on hand = S – 0.405 x S = 0.595 x S = 2380
Hence S = 2380 x 1000/595 = Rs. 4000
Question 2
The average marks of a student in ten papers are 80. If the highest and the lowest score are not considered the average is 81. If his highest score is 92, what is the lowest score ?
B 60
Average in ten papers = 80
So total score in ten papers = 80 x 10 = 800
Average (excluding highest & lowest scores) = 81
Then, Sum of remaining scores = 81 x 8 = 648
Hence, Sum of highest and lowest scores = 800 – 648 = 152
i.e. Lowest score = 152 – 92 = 60
So total score in ten papers = 80 x 10 = 800
Average (excluding highest & lowest scores) = 81
Then, Sum of remaining scores = 81 x 8 = 648
Hence, Sum of highest and lowest scores = 800 – 648 = 152
i.e. Lowest score = 152 – 92 = 60
Question 3
Ten years ago, Sunil was half of Sudip's age. If the age of both at present is in the ratio of 3:4, what will be the total of their present age ?
C 35 years
Let the present ages of Sunil and Sudip be 3n and 4n respectively.
Then, their ages ten years ago were (3n – 10) and (4n – 10).
So, (3n – 10) = ½ x (4n – 10)
i.e. 6n – 20 = 4n – 10
i.e. 2n = 20 – 10 or n = 5
So total of present ages = 7n = 35
Then, their ages ten years ago were (3n – 10) and (4n – 10).
So, (3n – 10) = ½ x (4n – 10)
i.e. 6n – 20 = 4n – 10
i.e. 2n = 20 – 10 or n = 5
So total of present ages = 7n = 35
Question 4
A and B started a business with a total capital of Rs. 30,000. At the end of the year, they shared the profit in the ratio of their investments. If their capitals were interchanged, then A would have received 175% more than what he actually received. Find out the capital of B.
B Rs. 22,000
Clearly if capitals were interchanged A would get as much as B actually gets.
Hence B’s share = A’s share + 175% of A’s share
i.e. B’s share = A’s share + 1.75 x A’s share = 2.75 x A’s share
So, A’s share / B’s share = 100/275 = 4/11
So the ratio of capitals = 4 : 11
Hence capital of B = 11/15 x 30000 = Rs. 22000
Hence B’s share = A’s share + 175% of A’s share
i.e. B’s share = A’s share + 1.75 x A’s share = 2.75 x A’s share
So, A’s share / B’s share = 100/275 = 4/11
So the ratio of capitals = 4 : 11
Hence capital of B = 11/15 x 30000 = Rs. 22000
Question 5
The ratio in which Aman and Bimal have contributed to the capital of a company is 3 : 4. Bimal has invested his capital for only 3 months and has received half as much profit as Aman, at the end of the year. Find out for how much time has Aman invested his capital in the company.
A 8 months
Let Aman and Bimal contribute 3n and 4n respectively.
Bimal invests for 3 months; let Aman invest for M months.
Hence, ratio of profits = 3n x M : 4n x 3
Since Bimal receives half as much profit as Aman, ratio of profits = 2 : 1
So (3n x M)/(12n) = 2/1
i.e. M = 8 months
Bimal invests for 3 months; let Aman invest for M months.
Hence, ratio of profits = 3n x M : 4n x 3
Since Bimal receives half as much profit as Aman, ratio of profits = 2 : 1
So (3n x M)/(12n) = 2/1
i.e. M = 8 months
Question 6
Two whole numbers whose sum is 64 can be in the ratio of ?
A 7 : 2
Check one by one:
Option a: Let numbers be 7n and 2n; so 9n = 64 i.e. n = 64/9 which is not a whole number!
Hence this is not possible.
Option b: Let numbers be 7n and 6n; so 13n = 64 i.e. n = 64/13 not possible
Option c: Let numbers be 3n and n; so 4n = 64 or n = 64/4 = 16 which is possible.
Option d: Let numbers be 8n and 7n; so 15n = 64 or n = 64/15 which is not possible.
Clearly option c is the only one which is possible.
Option a: Let numbers be 7n and 2n; so 9n = 64 i.e. n = 64/9 which is not a whole number!
Hence this is not possible.
Option b: Let numbers be 7n and 6n; so 13n = 64 i.e. n = 64/13 not possible
Option c: Let numbers be 3n and n; so 4n = 64 or n = 64/4 = 16 which is possible.
Option d: Let numbers be 8n and 7n; so 15n = 64 or n = 64/15 which is not possible.
Clearly option c is the only one which is possible.
Question 7
In a call centre, 6 employees working for 10 hours complete a certain task. They started working at 11 am. This continued till 5:00 pm and after that, for each hour one more employee is added till the work gets completed. At what time will they complete the work ?
B 8:00 pm
Let one employee do 1 unit in 1 hour.
Then Work = work done by 6 employees in 10 hours = 6 x 10 = 60 units
Now, work done from 11 am to 5 pm (i.e. 6 hours) = 6 x 6 = 36 units
Now there will be 7 employees for the next hour.
So, work done from 5 pm to 6 pm = 7 x 1 = 7 units; total work done = 36 + 7 = 43 units
Similarly, work done from 6 pm to 7 pm = 8 units; total work done = 43 + 8 = 51 units
And work done from 7 pm to 8 pm = 9 units; total work done = 51 + 9 = 60 units
So the work will be completed at exactly 8 pm!
Then Work = work done by 6 employees in 10 hours = 6 x 10 = 60 units
Now, work done from 11 am to 5 pm (i.e. 6 hours) = 6 x 6 = 36 units
Now there will be 7 employees for the next hour.
So, work done from 5 pm to 6 pm = 7 x 1 = 7 units; total work done = 36 + 7 = 43 units
Similarly, work done from 6 pm to 7 pm = 8 units; total work done = 43 + 8 = 51 units
And work done from 7 pm to 8 pm = 9 units; total work done = 51 + 9 = 60 units
So the work will be completed at exactly 8 pm!
Question 8
72% of students in a class took Physics and 44% took Mathematics. If each student took Physics or Mathematics and 40 took both, the total number of students in the class would be
C 250
Physics = 72%, Mathematics = 44%
Also each student took either Physics or Mathematics or both.
So, Physics + Mathematics – Both = 100%
i.e. 72% + 44% - Both = 100%
i.e. Both = 116% – 100% = 16%
Hence 16% of total students = 40
i.e. Total Students = 40 x 100/16 = 250
Also each student took either Physics or Mathematics or both.
So, Physics + Mathematics – Both = 100%
i.e. 72% + 44% - Both = 100%
i.e. Both = 116% – 100% = 16%
Hence 16% of total students = 40
i.e. Total Students = 40 x 100/16 = 250
Question 9
Amar is twice as fast as Rohit and Rohit is thrice as fast as Chanda is. The journey covered by Chanda in 42 minutes will be covered by Amar in
B 7 min
Let their speeds be A, R and C.
Then A = 2 x R and R = 3 x C
i.e. R = 3C and A = 6C
Since Amar is 6 times as fast as Chanda, he will take 1/6th the time taken by Chanda.
i.e. 1/6 x 42 = 7 minutes
Then A = 2 x R and R = 3 x C
i.e. R = 3C and A = 6C
Since Amar is 6 times as fast as Chanda, he will take 1/6th the time taken by Chanda.
i.e. 1/6 x 42 = 7 minutes
Question 10
P, Q and R are three consecutive odd numbers in ascending order. If the value of three times P is 3 less than two times R, find the value of R.
C 9
Let the three consecutive numbers be N, N + 2 and N + 4
Also we are given, 3P = 2R – 3
i.e. 3N = 2(N + 4) – 3
i.e. 3n = 2N + 8 – 3
i.e. N = 5
So the value of R = N + 4
i.e. 3N = 2(N + 4) – 3
i.e. 3n = 2N + 8 – 3
i.e. N = 5
So the value of R = N + 4 = 9
Also we are given, 3P = 2R – 3
i.e. 3N = 2(N + 4) – 3
i.e. 3n = 2N + 8 – 3
i.e. N = 5
So the value of R = N + 4
i.e. 3N = 2(N + 4) – 3
i.e. 3n = 2N + 8 – 3
i.e. N = 5
So the value of R = N + 4 = 9
